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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

__________________________

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒			QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2024

or

☐			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from______ to______

Commission File Number: 333-254800

ASCEND WELLNESS HOLDINGS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware						83-0602006
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)						(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

__________________________

44 Whippany Rd.

Suite 101

Morristown, NJ 07960

(Address of principal executive offices)

(646) 661-7600

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

None

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

__________________________

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: None

Title of each class

Trading Symbol(s)

Name of each exchange on which registered

---

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer

☐

Accelerated filer

☒

Non-accelerated filer

☐

Smaller reporting company

☐

Emerging growth company

☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of November 8, 2024, there were 214,365,317 shares of the registrant’s Class A common stock, par value $0.001, and 65,000 shares of the registrant’s Class B common stock, par value $0.001, outstanding.

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ASCEND WELLNESS HOLDINGS, INC

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS			1
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION			3
Item 1. Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)			3
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations			38
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk			61
Item 4. Controls and Procedures			62
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION			63
Item 1. Legal Proceedings			63
Item 1A. Risk Factors			63
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds			64
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities			64
Item 4. Mine Safety Information			64
Item 5. Other Information			64
Item 6. Exhibits			65
SIGNATURES			67

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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries (collectively referred to as “AWH,” “Ascend,” “we,” “us,” “our,” or the “Company”) contains both historical and forward-looking statements, within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, and forward-looking information, within the meaning of applicable Canadian securities laws (collectively, “forward-looking statements”), that involve risks and uncertainties. We make forward-looking statements related to future expectations, estimates, and projections that are uncertain and often contain words such as, but not limited to, “anticipate,” “believe,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “intend,” “likely,” “may,” “outlook,” “plan,” “predict,” “should,” “target,” or other similar words or phrases. These statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and assumptions that are difficult to predict. Particular risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to be materially different from those expressed in our forward-looking statements include those listed below:

•the effect of the volatility of the market price and liquidity risks on shares of our Class A common stock;

•the effect of the voting control exercised by holders of Class B common stock;

•our ability to attract and maintain key personnel;

•our ability to continue to open new dispensaries and cultivation facilities as anticipated;

•the illegality of cannabis under federal law;

•our ability to comply with state and federal regulations;

•the uncertainty regarding enforcement of cannabis laws;

•the effect of restricted access to banking and other financial services;

•the effect of constraints on marketing and risks related to our products;

•the effect of unfavorable tax treatment for cannabis businesses;

•the effect of proposed legislation on our tax liabilities and financial performance;

•the effect of risks related to U.S. tax provisions related to controlled substances;

•the effect of security risks;

•the effect of infringement or misappropriation claims by third parties;

•our ability to comply with potential future U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) regulations;

•our ability to enforce our contracts;

•the effect of unfavorable publicity or consumer perception;

•the effect of risks related to material acquisitions, dispositions and other strategic transactions;

•the effect of agricultural and environmental risks;

•the effect of climate change;

•the effect of risks related to information technology systems;

•the effect of unknown health impacts associated with the use of cannabis and cannabis derivative products;

•the effect of product liability claims and other litigation to which we may be subjected;

•the effect of risks related to the results of future clinical research;

•the effect of intense competition in the industry;

•the effect of the maturation of the cannabis market;

•the effect of adverse changes in wholesale and retail prices;

•the effect of sustained inflation;

•the effect of political and economic instability;

•the effect of outbreaks of pandemic diseases, fear of such outbreaks or economic disturbances due to such outbreaks; and

•the effect of general economic risks, such as the unemployment level, interest rates, and inflation, and challenging global economic conditions.

1

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The list of factors above is illustrative and by no means exhaustive. Additional information regarding these risks and other risks and uncertainties we face is contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 and in other reports we may file from time to time with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission and the applicable Canadian securities regulatory authorities (including all amendments to those reports). Although the Company has attempted to identify important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in forward-looking statements, there may be other factors that cause results not to be as anticipated, estimated, or intended.

We urge readers to consider these risks and uncertainties in evaluating our forward-looking statements. We caution readers not to place undue reliance upon any such forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date made. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise, except as required by law. The forward-looking statements contained in this Form 10-Q are expressly qualified in their entirety by this cautionary statement.

2

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PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.

ASCEND WELLNESS HOLDINGS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(UNAUDITED)

(in thousands, except per share amounts)			September 30, 2024						December 31, 2023
Assets
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents			$	65,279					$	72,508
Accounts receivable, net			38,775						28,298
Inventory			97,387						95,294
Notes receivable			1,764						13,116
Other current assets			10,373						19,644
Total current assets			213,578						228,860
Property and equipment, net			263,491						268,082
Operating lease right-of-use assets			138,776						130,556
Intangible assets, net			212,191						221,452
Goodwill			49,599						47,538
Other noncurrent assets			18,238						23,062
TOTAL ASSETS			$	895,873					$	919,550
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity
Current liabilities
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities			$	58,894					$	71,112
Current portion of debt, net			73,739						11,148
Operating lease liabilities, current			5,125						3,660
Income taxes payable			753						—
Other current liabilities			6,618						6,766
Total current liabilities			145,129						92,686
Long-term debt, net			232,162						297,565
Operating lease liabilities, noncurrent			267,414						261,087
Deferred tax liabilities, net			25,568						35,745
Other non-current liabilities			136,691						89,595
Total liabilities			806,964						776,678
Commitments and contingencies (Note 15)
Stockholders' Equity
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value per share; 10,000 shares authorized, none issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023			—						—
Class A common stock, $0.001 par value per share; 750,000 shares authorized; 214,346 and 206,810 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023			215						207
Class B common stock, $0.001 par value per share, 100 shares authorized; 65 issued and outstanding at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023			—						—
Additional paid-in capital			471,436						458,027
Accumulated deficit			(383,565)						(315,362)
Equity of Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc. common stockholders			88,086						142,872
Non-controlling interests			823						—
Total stockholders' equity			88,909						142,872
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY			$	895,873					$	919,550

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed consolidated financial statements.

3

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ASCEND WELLNESS HOLDINGS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(UNAUDITED)

			Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands, except per share amounts)			2024						2023						2024						2023
Revenue, net			$	141,647					$	141,268					$	425,593					$	378,432
Cost of goods sold			(97,918)						(97,712)						(288,254)						(270,853)
Gross profit			43,729						43,556						137,339						107,579
Operating expenses
General and administrative expenses			46,146						40,009						138,703						111,762
Operating (loss) profit			(2,417)						3,547						(1,364)						(4,183)
Other (expense) income
Interest expense			(16,481)						(8,963)						(33,554)						(28,419)
Other, net			409						902						1,098						25,211
Total other expense			(16,072)						(8,061)						(32,456)						(3,208)
Loss before income taxes			(18,489)						(4,514)						(33,820)						(7,391)
Income tax expense			(9,767)						(6,726)						(34,383)						(21,480)
Net loss			$	(28,256)					$	(11,240)					$	(68,203)					$	(28,871)
Net loss per share attributable to Class A and Class B common stockholders — basic and diluted			$	(0.13)					$	(0.05)					$	(0.32)					$	(0.15)
Weighted-average common shares outstanding — basic and diluted			214,290						205,710						212,134						196,616

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed consolidated financial statements.

4

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ASCEND WELLNESS HOLDINGS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(UNAUDITED)

			Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
			Class A and Class B Common Stock												Attributable to Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc. Common Stockholders
(in thousands)			Shares						Amount						Additional Paid-In Capital						Accumulated Deficit						Stockholders’ Equity						Non- Controlling Interests						Total
December 31, 2023			206,875						$	207					$	458,027					$	(315,362)					$	142,872					$	—					$	142,872
Vesting of equity-based payment awards			7,053						7						(7)						—						—						—						—
Equity-based compensation expense			—						—						13,554						—						13,554						—						13,554
Taxes withheld under equity-based compensation plans, net			(2,433)						(2)						(3,481)						—						(3,483)						—						(3,483)
Recognition of non-controlling interests			—						—						—						—						—						1,050						1,050
Net loss			—						—						—						(18,163)						(18,163)						—						(18,163)
March 31, 2024			211,495						$	212					$	468,093					$	(333,525)					$	134,780					$	1,050					$	135,830
Vesting of equity-based payment awards			3,712						4						(4)						—						—						—						—
Equity-based compensation expense			—						—						5,284						—						5,284						—						5,284
Taxes withheld under equity-based compensation plans, net			(1,387)						(1)						(1,786)						—						(1,787)						—						(1,787)
Net loss			—						—						—						(21,784)						(21,784)						—						(21,784)
June 30, 2024			213,820						$	215					$	471,587					$	(355,309)					$	116,493					$	1,050					$	117,543
Vesting of equity-based payment awards			529						—						—						—						—						—						—
Equity-based compensation expense			—						—						(195)						—						(195)						—						(195)
Taxes withheld under equity-based compensation plans, net			(144)						—						(131)						—						(131)						—						(131)
Exercise of stock options			206						—						175						—						175						—						175
Distributions to non-controlling interests			—						—						—						—						—						(227)						(227)
Net loss			—						—						—						(28,256)						(28,256)						—						(28,256)
September 30, 2024			214,411						$	215					$	471,436					$	(383,565)					$	88,086					$	823					$	88,909

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed consolidated financial statements.

5

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ASCEND WELLNESS HOLDINGS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(UNAUDITED)

			Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
			Class A and Class B Common Stock
(in thousands)			Shares						Amount						Additional Paid-In Capital						Accumulated Deficit																		Total
December 31, 2022			188,064						$	188					$	430,375					$	(267,148)																	$	163,415
Vesting of equity-based payment rewards			2,023						2						(2)						—																		—
Equity-based compensation expense			—						—						4,555						—																		4,555
Taxes withheld under equity-based compensation plans, net			(521)						(1)						(536)						—																		(537)
Net loss			—						—						—						(18,472)																		(18,472)
March 31, 2023			189,566						$	189					$	434,392					$	(285,620)																	$	148,961
Shares issued in private placement, net of offering expenses			9,859						10						6,990						—																		7,000
Shares issued in acquisitions or asset purchases			5,185						5						4,765						—																		4,770
Vesting of equity-based payment awards			382						1						(1)						—																		—
Equity-based compensation expense			—						—						4,457						—																		4,457
Taxes withheld under equity-based compensation plans, net			(102)						—						(74)						—																		(74)
Net income			—						—						—						841																		841
June 30, 2023			204,890						$	205					$	450,529					$	(284,779)																	$	165,955
Vesting of equity-based payment awards			1,384						1						(1)						—																		—
Equity-based compensation expense			—						—						4,964						—																		4,964
Taxes withheld under equity-based compensation plans, net			(339)						—						(214)						—																		(214)
Net loss			—						—						—						(11,240)																		(11,240)
September 30, 2023			205,935						$	206					$	455,278					$	(296,019)																	$	159,465

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed consolidated financial statements.

6

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ASCEND WELLNESS HOLDINGS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(UNAUDITED)

			Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)			2024						2023
Cash flows from operating activities
Net loss			$	(68,203)					$	(28,871)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization			48,689						44,192
Amortization of operating lease assets			1,451						827
Non-cash interest expense			6,380						7,082
Equity-based compensation expense			15,805						13,976
Deferred income taxes			(10,177)						(10,875)
Gain on sale of assets			(11)						(226)
Other			11,765						17,837
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effects of acquisitions
Accounts receivable			(10,477)						(11,278)
Inventory			(4,760)						(5,693)
Other current assets			1,186						(5,726)
Other noncurrent assets			(759)						(484)
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities			(5,079)						12,601
Other current liabilities			(148)						615
Lease liabilities			(1,767)						(569)
Income taxes payable			54,231						25,258
Net cash provided by operating activities			38,126						58,666
Cash flows from investing activities
Additions to capital assets			(17,510)						(16,012)
Investments in notes receivable			(600)						(15,169)
Collection of notes receivable			8,345						245
Proceeds from sale of assets			11						15,000
Acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired			(9,800)						(19,857)
Purchase of intangible assets			(10,450)						(15,943)
Net cash used in investing activities			(30,004)						(51,736)
Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from issuance of common stock in private placement			—						7,000
Proceeds from issuance of debt			217,413						—
Repayments of debt			(215,786)						(23,188)
Debt issuance costs			(6,658)						—
Repayments under finance leases			(366)						(256)
Taxes withheld under equity-based compensation plans, net			(5,060)						(711)
Proceeds from the exercise of stock options			175						—
Payment of contingent consideration			(4,842)						—
Distributions to non-controlling interests			(227)						—
Net cash used in financing activities			(15,351)						(17,155)
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash			(7,229)						(10,225)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period			72,508						74,146
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period			$	65,279					$	63,921

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed consolidated financial statements.

7

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ASCEND WELLNESS HOLDINGS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(CONTINUED, UNAUDITED)

			Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)			2024						2023
Supplemental Cash Flow Information
Interest paid			$	15,460					$	20,579
Income tax (refunds) payments, net			(9,671)						7,057
Non-cash investing and financing activities
Capital expenditures incurred but not yet paid			$	2,981					$	6,102
Taxes withheld under equity-based compensation plans, net			953						214
Financing costs incurred but not yet paid			535						—
Non-controlling interest recognized upon initial consolidation of variable interest entities			1,050						—
Issuance of shares in business acquisitions			—						4,770

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed consolidated financial statements.

8

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Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

1. THE COMPANY AND NATURE OF OPERATIONS

Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc., which operates through its subsidiaries (collectively referred to as “AWH,” “Ascend,” “we,” “us,” “our,” or the “Company”), is a vertically integrated multi-state operator in the United States cannabis industry. AWH owns, manages, and operates cannabis cultivation facilities and dispensaries in several states across the United States, including Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. Our core business is the cultivation, manufacturing, and distribution of cannabis consumer packaged goods, which are sold through company-owned retail stores and to third-party licensed retail cannabis stores. AWH is headquartered in Morristown, New Jersey.

Shares of the Company’s Class A common stock are listed on the Canadian Securities Exchange (the “CSE”) under the ticker symbol “AAWH.U” and are quoted on the OTCQX® Best Market (the “OTCQX”) under the symbol “AAWH.”

2. BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements have been prepared in accordance with (i) United States generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information, and (ii) the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. In the opinion of our management, our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes (the “Financial Statements”) include all normal recurring adjustments that are necessary for the fair statement of the interim periods presented. Interim results of operations are not necessarily indicative of results for the full year, or any other period. The Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements (and notes thereto) in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 (the “Annual Report”), as filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and with the relevant Canadian securities regulatory authorities under its profile on the System for Electronic Document Analysis and Retrieval Plus (“SEDAR+”). Except as noted below, there have been no material changes to the Company’s significant accounting policies and estimates during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

The Financial Statements include the accounts of Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries. Refer to Note 8, “Variable Interest Entities,” for additional information regarding certain entities that are not wholly-owned by the Company. We include the results of acquired businesses in the consolidated statements of operations from their respective acquisition dates. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

We round amounts in the Financial Statements to thousands, except per unit or per share amounts or as otherwise stated. We calculate all percentages, per-unit, and per-share data from the underlying whole-dollar amounts. Thus, certain amounts may not foot, crossfoot, or recalculate based on reported numbers due to rounding. The Financial Statements are expressed in U.S. dollars, which is the Company’s functional currency. Unless otherwise indicated, all references to years are to our fiscal year, which ends on December 31.

We are an emerging growth company under federal securities laws and as such we are able to elect to follow scaled disclosure requirements for this filing and can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts. We base our estimates on historical experience, known or expected trends, independent valuations, and various other measurements that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. As future events and their effects cannot be determined with precision, actual results could differ significantly from these estimates.

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Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

Liquidity

As reflected in the Financial Statements, the Company had an accumulated deficit as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, as well as a net loss for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, which are indicators that raise substantial doubt of our ability to continue as a going concern. Management believes that substantial doubt of our ability to continue as a going concern for at least one year from the issuance of these Financial Statements has been alleviated due to: (i) cash on hand and (ii) continued growth of sales from our consolidated operations. Management plans to continue to access capital markets for additional funding through debt and/or equity financings to supplement future cash needs, as may be required. However, management cannot provide any assurances that the Company will be successful in accomplishing its business plans. If the Company is unable to raise additional capital whenever necessary, it may be forced to decelerate or curtail certain of its operations until such time as additional capital becomes available.

Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we did not hold significant restricted cash or cash equivalents.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, we had no transfers of assets or liabilities between any of the hierarchy levels.

In addition to assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, we are also required to measure certain assets at fair value on a non-recurring basis that are subject to fair value adjustments in specific circumstances. These assets can include: goodwill; intangible assets; property and equipment; and lease-related right-of-use (“ROU”) assets. We estimate the fair value of these assets using primarily unobservable Level 3 inputs.

Basic and Diluted Earnings (Loss) per Share

The Company computes earnings (loss) per share (“EPS”) using the two-class method required for multiple classes of common stock. The rights, including the liquidation and dividend rights, of the Class A common stock and Class B common stock are substantially identical, except for voting and conversion rights. As the liquidation and dividend rights are identical, undistributed earnings are allocated on a proportionate basis to each class of common stock and the resulting basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders are, therefore, the same for both Class A and Class B common stock on both an individual and combined basis.

Basic EPS is computed by dividing net income or loss by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS reflects potential dilution and is computed by dividing net income or loss by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period increased by the number of additional common shares that would have been outstanding if all potential common shares had been issued and were dilutive. However, potentially dilutive securities are excluded from the computation of diluted EPS to the extent that their effect is anti-dilutive. Potential dilutive securities include incremental shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of warrants, unvested restricted stock awards, unvested restricted stock units, and outstanding stock options, as applicable. At September 30, 2024 and 2023, 15,273 and 26,840 shares of common stock equivalents, respectively, were excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive.

Shares of restricted stock granted by us are considered to be legally issued and outstanding as of the date of grant, notwithstanding that the shares remain subject to the risk of forfeiture if the vesting conditions for such shares are not met, and are included in the number of shares of Class A common stock outstanding, as applicable. Weighted-average common shares outstanding excludes time-based and performance-based unvested shares of restricted Class A common stock, as restricted shares are treated as issued and outstanding for financial statement presentation purposes only after such shares have vested and, therefore, have ceased to be subject to a risk of forfeiture.

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Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

The following standards have been recently issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”). Pronouncements that are not applicable to the Company or where it has been determined do not have a significant impact on us have been excluded herein.

Reference Rate Reform

In March 2020, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting, which provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying U.S. GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. This guidance was effective upon issuance as of March 12, 2020 and could be adopted as reference rate reform activities occurred through December 31, 2022. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848, to extend the sunset date of the transition guidance included in ASU 2020-04 to December 31, 2024. This guidance can be adopted prospectively as reference rate reform activities occur, with early adoption permitted, and is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Segment Reporting

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which expands and enhances the disclosures required for reportable segments in annual and interim consolidated financial statements, including reportable segment expenses, interim segment profit or loss, and how an entity’s chief operating decision maker uses reported segment profit or loss information in assessing segment performance and allocating resources. The guidance in this update is effective for the Company for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2024 and interim periods beginning with the fiscal period commencing January 1, 2025 and should be adopted retrospectively unless it is impractical to do so. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of this update on our disclosures in the consolidated financial statements.

Income Taxes

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which requires enhanced income tax disclosures, including disaggregation in the rate reconciliation table and disaggregation information related to income taxes paid. The amendments in this update are effective for the Company for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2026 on a prospective or retrospective basis, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of this update on our disclosures in the consolidated financial statements.

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Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

3. REPORTABLE SEGMENTS AND REVENUE

The Company operates under one operating segment, which is its only reportable segment: the production and sale of cannabis products. The Company prepares its segment reporting on the same basis that its chief operating decision maker manages the business and makes operating decisions. The Company’s measure of segment performance is net income and derives its revenue primarily from the sale of cannabis products. All of the Company’s operations are located in the United States.

Disaggregation of Revenue

The Company disaggregates its revenue from the direct sale of cannabis to customers as retail revenue and wholesale revenue. We have determined that disaggregating revenue into these categories best depicts how the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors.

			Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)			2024						2023						2024						2023
Retail revenue			$	93,599					$	101,263					$	281,882					$	273,862
Wholesale revenue			77,894						68,671						236,436						188,263
			171,493						169,934						518,318						462,125
Elimination of inter-company revenue			(29,846)						(28,666)						(92,725)						(83,693)
Total revenue, net			$	141,647					$	141,268					$	425,593					$	378,432

The liability related to the loyalty program we offer dispensary customers at certain locations was $1,566 and $1,317 at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and is included within “Other current liabilities” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company recorded $2,047 and $1,939 in allowance for doubtful accounts as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Write-offs were not significant during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

4. ACQUISITIONS

Business Combinations

The Company has determined that the acquisitions discussed below are considered business combinations under ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations, and are accounted for by applying the acquisition method, whereby the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed are recorded at their fair values with any excess of the aggregate consideration over the fair values of the identifiable net assets allocated to goodwill. Operating results are included in these Financial Statements from the date of the acquisition.

The purchase price allocation for each acquisition reflects various preliminary fair value estimates and analyses, including certain tangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, the valuation of intangible assets acquired, and goodwill, which are subject to change within the measurement period as preliminary valuations are finalized (generally one year from the acquisition date). Measurement period adjustments are recorded in the reporting period in which the estimates are finalized and adjustment amounts are determined.

12

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Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

2024 Acquisition

Effective in April 2024, a consolidated variable interest entity (“VIE”) of the Company acquired two dispensaries in the greater Chicago, Illinois area (the “Chicago Partner Dispensaries”). The parties entered into interim management services agreements (“MSAs”) pursuant to which the consolidated entity will advise on certain business, operational, and financial matters for a monthly fee while the parties finalize asset purchase agreements to acquire the underlying dispensaries (the “Illinois MSAs”). The total purchase price of approximately $10,000 of cash consideration is subject to certain closing adjustments. An initial deposit of $1,500 was remitted during the three months ended March 31, 2024. The remainder of $8,500 was remitted to escrow during the three months ended June 30, 2024 and remained in escrow as of September 30, 2024. The asset purchase agreements in respect of the Chicago Partner Dispensaries are subject to regulatory review and approval. Based on the provisions of the Illinois MSAs, the third party obtained operational and financial influence over the dispensaries and therefore recognized the transaction as a business combination as of the April 2024 regulatory approval date of the Illinois MSAs. Refer to Note 8, “Variable Interest Entities,” for additional information regarding the Company’s VIEs.

The following table summarizes the preliminary purchase price allocation, which remains preliminary as management refines certain estimates during the measurement period:

(in thousands)
Assets acquired (liabilities assumed):
Property and equipment(1)						$	1,525
Other assets						76
Licenses(2)						6,210
Goodwill(3)						2,261
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities						(72)
Net assets acquired						$	10,000

(1)Consists of leasehold improvements of $1,398 and furniture, fixtures, and equipment of $127. During the three months ended September 30, 2024, certain estimates related to the fair value of the acquired leasehold improvements were refined, resulting in a measurement period purchase accounting adjustment that decreased the estimated fair value of the leasehold improvements by $1,307, with a related impact to goodwill.

(2)The amortization period for acquired licenses is 10 years. During the three months ended September 30, 2024, certain estimates related to the fair value of the acquired licenses were refined, resulting in a measurement period purchase accounting adjustment that increased the value by $1,740, with a related impact to goodwill.

(3)Goodwill is largely attributable to the value expected to be obtained from long-term business growth and buyer-specific synergies. Goodwill is largely not deductible for tax purposes under the limitations under IRC Section 280E; see Note 14, “Income Taxes,” for additional information.

The consolidated entity has also agreed to assume the lease for the associated locations and recognized a total lease liability and ROU asset of $3,065 as of the effective date; refer to Note 10, “Leases,” for additional information regarding the Company’s leases. Direct transaction costs were not material.

Our consolidated results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 include $1,323 and $1,435, respectively, of net revenue and $160 and $493, respectively, of net loss related to the Chicago Partner Dispensaries. Pro forma financial information is not presented, as such results are immaterial to both the current and prior periods.

13

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Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

2023 Acquisition

Effective April 27, 2023, the Company acquired 100% of the membership interests of certain entities related to Devi Holdings, Inc. (“Devi”), pursuant to a definitive agreement that was entered into on January 25, 2023 (the “Maryland Agreement”). Through the Maryland Agreement, the Company acquired the four licensed medical cannabis dispensaries that Devi owned and operated in Maryland (“Devi Maryland”). Total consideration at closing consisted of cash consideration of $12,000, which was subject to customary closing conditions and working capital adjustments, and 5,185 shares of Class A common stock with an estimated fair value of $4,770 at issuance. In April 2024 the Company finalized the working capital settlement and reduced consideration and goodwill by $200. Our results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 include $9,719 and $28,860 of net revenue, respectively, and $1,080 and $3,006 of net income, respectively, related to Devi Maryland. Our results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 include $9,541 and $11,270, respectively, of net revenue and $688 and $15, respectively, of net loss related to Devi Maryland. Pro forma financial information is not presented, as such results are immaterial to both the current and prior periods.

Asset Acquisitions

The Company determined the acquisitions below did not meet the definition of a business and are therefore accounted for as asset acquisitions. When the Company acquires assets and liabilities that do not constitute a business or VIE of which the Company is the primary beneficiary, the cost of each acquisition, including certain transaction costs, is allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed on a relative fair value basis. Contingent consideration associated with the acquisition is generally recognized only when the contingency is resolved.

When the Company acquires assets and liabilities that do not constitute a business but meet the definition of a VIE of which the Company is the primary beneficiary, the purchase is accounted for using the acquisition method described above for business combinations, except that no goodwill is recognized. To the extent there is a difference between the purchase consideration, including the estimated fair value of contingent consideration, plus the estimated fair value of any non-controlling interest and the VIE’s identifiable assets and liabilities recorded and measured at fair value, the difference is recognized as a gain or loss. A non-controlling interest represents the non-affiliated equity interest in the underlying entity. Transaction costs are expensed.

2024 Asset Acquisitions

Massachusetts Purchase Agreement

In January 2024, the Company entered into a definitive agreement (the “Massachusetts Purchase Agreement”) to purchase a cultivation license and a manufacturer license from a third party in Massachusetts for a cash purchase price of $2,750, which total may be adjusted at closing, as provided in the Massachusetts Purchase Agreement and of which $1,500 was paid at signing and $1,250 was paid on October 1, 2024. The transfer of each license is subject to regulatory review and approval, which the Company expects may occur within twelve months following the signing date. The licenses were not associated with active operations at signing, but operations have since commenced. In conjunction with the Massachusetts Purchase Agreement, the parties also entered into a bridge loan which provides for the financing of certain covered expenses, at the sole discretion of the Company. This bridge loan bears interest based on the federal funds rate and, if not otherwise satisfied, is due on the fifth anniversary of the signing date. The parties also entered into an interim consulting services agreement, effective as of the signing date. The Company accounted for this transaction as an asset acquisition as of the signing date based on the provisions of the underlying agreements and allocated the cash consideration as the cost of the license acquired. The Company has also agreed to assume the lease for the associated location and to reimburse the seller for the security deposit at final closing. The Company recognized a lease liability and ROU asset of $761 as of the signing date; refer to Note 10, “Leases,” for additional information regarding the Company’s leases. Direct transaction costs were not material.

14

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Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

Detroit License

In September 2024, the Company acquired 49% of the member interests of an entity (the “Detroit License Holder”) that received conditional approval for an adult-use license in Detroit, Michigan (the “Detroit License”). The Detroit License was not associated with active operations as of the closing date and the Detroit License Holder had no other active operations as of that date. The Company anticipates transferring the Detroit License to its existing dispensary in Detroit, Michigan, subject to regulatory approvals. The Company paid $850 of cash consideration at closing and the sellers may receive up to an additional $2,250 based upon the achievement of certain levels of sales during a specified twelve month period following the commencement of adult-use sales at the dispensary. The underlying agreement provides the Company with an option to acquire the remaining ownership interests in the Detroit License Holder, after such is permissible by applicable regulations, for no additional consideration. The parties also entered into a management services agreement, pursuant to which the Company is providing management and advisory services for a set monthly fee, which is expected to expire upon the Company’s exercise of the option.

The Company determined that the Detroit License Holder is a VIE and the Company became the primary beneficiary as of the closing date; therefore, the Detroit License Holder is consolidated as a VIE. Management applied the acquisition method discussed above and allocated the total estimated fair value of the transaction consideration of $1,140 as the estimated fair value of the license. This total consisted of the fair value of the cash consideration of $850 plus the initial estimated fair value of the contingent consideration of $290, which was determined utilizing an income approach based on a probability-weighted estimate of the future payment discounted using the Company’s estimated incremental borrowing rate, is classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, and is included within “Other non-current liabilities” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of September 30, 2024. The Company determined the fair value of any noncontrolling interest is de minimis. Refer to Note 8, “Variable Interest Entities,” for additional information regarding the Company’s VIEs.

Previous Asset Acquisitions

Ohio Patient Access

On August 12, 2022, the Company entered into a definitive agreement (the “Ohio Agreement”) that provides the Company the option to acquire 100% of the equity of Ohio Patient Access LLC (“OPA”), the holder of a license that grants it the right to operate three medical dispensaries in Ohio. The Ohio Agreement is subject to regulatory review and approval. Once regulatory approval is received, the Company may exercise the option, and the exercise is solely within the Company’s control. As initially provided by the Ohio Agreement, the Company had the right to exercise the option until the fifth anniversary of the agreement date, but was subsequently amended in June 2024 so that such option will expire on March 22, 2026. The Company anticipates exercising the option prior to the amended expiration date.

In conjunction with the Ohio Agreement, the parties also entered into a support services agreement under which the Company is providing management and advisory services to OPA for a set monthly fee. The parties also entered into a working capital loan agreement under which the Company may, at its full discretion, loan OPA up to $10,000 for general working capital needs. Under the Ohio Agreement, the Company will also acquire the real property of the three dispensary locations. OPA had not yet commenced operations as of the signing date, but subsequently opened two dispensaries in December 2023 and a third in January 2024. The Company determined OPA is a VIE and the Company became the primary beneficiary as of the signing date; therefore, OPA is consolidated as a VIE. To account for the initial consolidation of OPA, management applied the acquisition method discussed above.

15

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Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

The purchase price per the Ohio Agreement consisted of total cash consideration of $22,300. The Ohio Agreement also includes an earn-out provision of $7,300 that is dependent upon the commencement of adult-use cannabis sales in Ohio and which the sellers could elect to receive as either cash or shares of the Company’s Class A common stock, or a combination thereof. The sellers elected to receive the payment in cash and such payment was made in July 2024. The parties amended the Ohio Agreement in June 2024 to incorporate certain provisions regarding evolving regulations in Ohio, including that the Company will, upon final closing of the Ohio Agreement, receive two additional adult-use licenses that are expected to be awarded to OPA.

The total estimated fair value of the transaction consideration was determined to be $24,132 and consisted of the fair value of the cash consideration of $19,290 plus the initial estimated fair value of the contingent consideration of $4,842. Of the total cash consideration, $11,300 was funded at signing pursuant to note agreements and $11,000 is due at final closing (the “OPA Sellers’ Note”); refer to Note 11, “Debt,” for additional information. The license intangible asset acquired was determined to have an estimated fair value of $21,684 and the three properties had an estimated fair value of $2,448, which was determined using a market approach based on the total transaction consideration. The license is being amortized in accordance with the Company’s policy following the commencement of operations. During the third quarter of 2023, the Company recorded an acquisition-related deferred tax liability of $9,516, which was allocated to the estimated fair value of the license.

The estimated fair value of the contingent consideration was determined utilizing an income approach based on a probability-weighted estimate of the future payment discounted using the Company’s estimated incremental borrowing rate and is classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. As of December 31, 2023, the estimated fair value of this contingent consideration was $6,670 and is included within “Other non-current liabilities on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet at that date. The $630 change in fair value through the payment date was recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and is included within “General and administrative expenses” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations. The Company determined the fair value of any noncontrolling interest is de minimis. Refer to Note 8, “Variable Interest Entities,” for additional information regarding the Company’s VIEs.

Illinois Licenses

In August 2022, the Company entered into definitive agreements to acquire two additional licenses in Illinois. Neither of these licenses were associated with active operations at signing. These acquired licenses are being amortized in accordance with the Company’s policy as of the commencement of operations for each respective location, described below.

One transaction was entered on August 11, 2022 for total cash consideration of $5,500. The Company accounted for this transaction as an asset acquisition and allocated the cash consideration plus an acquisition-related deferred tax liability of $2,414 as the total cost of the license. Of the total cash consideration, $3,000 was paid at signing and $2,500 was due at final closing, which occurred in April 2024. The closing payment is included as a sellers’ note within “Current portion of debt, net” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2023; refer to Note 11, “Debt,” for additional information. Operations at the associated location commenced during the second quarter of 2023.

The second transaction was entered on August 12, 2022 for total cash consideration of $5,600. The Company accounted for this transaction as an asset acquisition and allocated the cash consideration plus an acquisition-related deferred tax liability of $2,458 as the total cost of the license. The cash consideration was paid at final closing in July 2024 and was included as a sellers’ note within “Current portion of debt, net” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2023; refer to Note 11, “Debt,” for additional information. Operations at the associated location commenced in December 2023.

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Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

5. INVENTORY

The components of inventory are as follows:

(in thousands)			September 30, 2024						December 31, 2023
Materials and supplies			$	10,983					$	16,824
Work in process			40,114						36,612
Finished goods			46,290						41,858
Total			$	97,387					$	95,294

Total compensation expense capitalized to inventory was $19,566 and $18,552 during the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $58,539 and $52,847 during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. At September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, $16,030 and $13,730, respectively, of compensation expense remained capitalized as part of inventory. The Company recognized, as a component of cost of goods sold, total write-downs related to net realizable value adjustments, expired products, and obsolete packaging totaling $1,749 and $2,223 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, and $2,938 and $13,052 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. These amounts are included within “Other” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

6. NOTES RECEIVABLE

(in thousands)			September 30, 2024						December 31, 2023
Massachusetts Note(1)			$	1,764					$	147
MMNY - working capital loan(2)			—						2,422
Maryland Loan Receivable(3)			—						10,547
Total			$	1,764					$	13,116

(1)In May 2022 the Company issued a secured promissory note to a retail dispensary license holder in Massachusetts providing up to $3,500 of funding, which note was amended in December 2023 (the “Massachusetts Note”). As amended, the Massachusetts Note bears interest at a rate of 12.5% per annum, which is to be paid monthly beginning in January 2024, and principal is to be repaid monthly commencing in December 2024 based on a period of twenty-four months, with the remainder due at the December 1, 2025 revised maturity date. In April 2024, the Massachusetts Note was further amended to increase the principal to $4,100 and the additional payment was funded at that time. A total of $4,100 is outstanding under the Massachusetts Note as of September 30, 2024, of which $1,764 is included in “Notes receivable” and $2,336 is included in “Other noncurrent assets,” respectively, on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of that date. A total of $3,500 was outstanding as of December 31, 2023, of which $147 was included in “Notes receivable” and $3,353 was included in “Other noncurrent assets.” The borrower may prepay the outstanding principal amount, plus accrued interest thereon. Borrowings under the Massachusetts Note are secured by the assets of the borrower. The borrower is partially owned by an entity that is managed, in part, by one of the founders of the Company. Additionally, the Company transacts with the retail dispensary in the ordinary course of business.

(2)On February 25, 2021, the Company entered into a working capital advance agreement with MedMen NY, Inc. (“MMNY”), an unrelated third party, in conjunction with an Investment Agreement (as defined in Note 15, “Commitments and Contingencies”). The working capital advance agreement allows for initial maximum borrowings of up to $10,000, which may be increased to $17,500, and was issued to provide MMNY with additional funding for operations in conjunction with the Investment Agreement. Borrowings do not bear interest, but may be subject to a financing fee. The outstanding balance is due and payable at the earlier of the initial closing of the Investment Agreement or, if the Investment Agreement is terminated for certain specified reasons, three business days following such termination. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company increased its estimated reserve on the amounts outstanding from MMNY to include the remaining balances, including this working capital loan. The Company is pursuing collection of these amounts through its legal proceedings against MMNY, refer to Note 15, “Commitments and Contingencies,” for additional information.

(3)In June 2023 the Company purchased, at par, $12,027 of the principal of a loan (the “Maryland Loan Receivable”), outstanding pursuant to a loan agreement with a cannabis license holder in Maryland (the “Maryland Loan Agreement”), plus the associated interest receivable. The Maryland Loan Agreement had an original maturity date of August 1, 2026, required monthly repayments equal to 10.0% of the outstanding balance (including paid-in-kind interest), and could be

17

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Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

prepaid subject to a customary make-whole payment or prepayment penalty, as applicable. Mandatory prepayments were required from the proceeds of certain events. The Maryland Loan Agreement provided for a base interest rate of 12.0% plus LIBOR (LIBOR floor of 1.0%) and a paid-in-kind interest rate of 4.5%. Following the replacement of LIBOR, effective July 1, 2023, the LIBOR component of the interest rate transitioned to the secured overnight financing rate (“SOFR”) plus an alternative reference rate committee (“ARRC”) standard adjustment.

The Company recorded the Maryland Loan Receivable at an amortized cost basis of $12,622. A total of $595 of transaction-related expenses were capitalized as part of the amortized cost basis and were being amortized to interest income over the term. The Company identified certain events of default and covenant violations, including non-payment, and provided an acceleration notice during the second quarter of 2023 that declared all amounts due and payable. As such, during 2023 the Company established a reserve of $1,804 for potential collectability.

In March 2024 the borrower refinanced the borrowings underlying the Maryland Loan Agreement with a third-party lender (the “Maryland Refinancing”). In conjunction with the Maryland Refinancing, the borrower’s obligations to the Company under the Maryland Loan Agreement were settled. As part of this settlement, the Company received a cash payment of $8,100. Additionally, the parties entered into a supply agreement that provides for the Company to receive $6,000 of inventory products from the borrower, based on market prices, over the course of three years, with a maximum of $500 per quarter. The Company recorded this receivable net of an initial discount of $984 that is included within “General and administrative expenses” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and within “Other” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. This discount was calculated utilizing the Company’s estimated incremental borrowing rate as of the agreement date and will be accreted to interest income over the agreement term. The total settlement value, excluding the discount, approximated the obligations outstanding under the Maryland Loan Receivable, including $2,859 of past due interest that was outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and was included within “Other current assets” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of that date.

A total of $500 of inventory was supplied under this agreement during the nine months ended September 30, 2024. During the three months ended September 30, 2024, the Company established a reserve of $2,083 on the remaining receivable due to collection risk. This reserve was recognized within “General and administrative expenses” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and within “Other” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. As of September 30, 2024, $1,000 of the remaining receivable is included within “Other current assets” and $1,543 is included within “Other noncurrent assets” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet, which amounts are net of $1,000 and $1,083 respectively, associated with this reserve.

Additionally, a total of $3,891 was outstanding at September 30, 2024 related to a promissory note issued to the owner of a property that the Company is leasing, of which $175 and $3,716 is included in “Other current assets” and “Other noncurrent assets,” respectively, on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. At December 31, 2023, $4,018 was outstanding, of which $170 and $3,848 is included in “Other current assets” and “Other noncurrent assets,” respectively, on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

No impairment losses on notes receivable were recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 or 2023, other than as described above.

18

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Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

7. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT

Property and equipment consists of the following:

(in thousands)			September 30, 2024						December 31, 2023
Leasehold improvements			$	202,341					$	192,807
Buildings			83,703						72,204
Furniture, fixtures, and equipment			75,833						71,474
Construction in progress			3,329						6,511
Land			5,782						5,242
Property and equipment, gross			370,988						348,238
Less: accumulated depreciation			107,497						80,156
Property and equipment, net			$	263,491					$	268,082

Total depreciation expense was $9,057 and $8,531 during the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $27,341 and $24,958 during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Total depreciation expense capitalized to inventory was $6,380 and $6,227 during the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $19,431 and $18,628 during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. At September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, $4,211 and $5,510, respectively, of depreciation expense remained capitalized as part of inventory.

The table above includes equipment with a gross value of $2,321 as of each of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 and accumulated amortization of $966 and $549, respectively, that the Company is renting under finance leases pursuant to a master lease agreement that was entered into in June 2022 and, as amended, allows for an aggregate of up to $3,000 of such leases to be entered during the current annual renewal period. Refer to Note 10, “Leases,” for additional information regarding our lease arrangements.

8. VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES

A VIE is a legal entity that does not have sufficient equity at risk to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support or is structured that such equity investors lack the ability to make significant decisions relating to the entity’s operations through voting rights or do not substantively participate in the gains or losses of the entity. The primary beneficiary has both the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE.

We assess all variable interests in the entity and use our judgment when determining if we are the primary beneficiary. Other qualitative factors that are considered include decision-making responsibilities, the VIE capital structure, risk and rewards sharing, contractual agreements with the VIE, voting rights, and level of involvement of other parties. We assess the primary beneficiary determination for a VIE on an ongoing basis if there are any changes in the facts and circumstances related to a VIE.

Where we determine we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE, we consolidate the accounts of that VIE. The equity owned by other stockholders is shown as non-controlling interests in the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, Statements of Operations, and Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity. The assets of the VIE can only be used to settle obligations of that entity, and any creditors of that entity generally have no recourse to the assets of other entities or the Company unless the Company separately agrees to be subject to such claims.

19

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Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

Recent Transactions

January 2024 Loan Agreement

In January 2024, the Company entered into a loan agreement pursuant to which the Company may provide, at its sole discretion, up to $2,500 of financing to a third party (the “January 2024 Loan Agreement”). The January 2024 Loan Agreement contains certain provisions and restrictive covenants that provide the Company with operational and financial influence over the underlying entity and also provides the Company with financial distributions based on the underlying associated results of operations. Additionally, the January 2024 Loan Agreement provides the Company with conversion options to obtain 35% of the equity interests of the borrower upon the initial funding (which occurred in January 2024) and up to an additional 65% of the remaining equity interest of the borrower at any time through October 2033, subject to certain provisions and regulatory approvals. The Company determined that the terms and provisions of the January 2024 Loan Agreement create a variable interest in the third-party entity and met the criteria for consolidation as of such date. The third-party entity received a conditional license approval for one dispensary in New Jersey that was determined to have a fair value of $1,050, which approximated the fair value of the non-controlling interest held by the third-party member as of the effective date. The non-controlling interest received a distribution during the three months ended September 30, 2024 in accordance with the provisions of the January 2024 Loan Agreement. The net loss attributable to the non-controlling interest was not significant during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Borrowings under the January 2024 Loan Agreement bear interest at a rate of 20.0% per annum and are secured by substantially all of the assets and equity interests of the third party. The January 2024 Loan Agreement provides for customary events of default, contains certain covenants and other restrictions, and provides for a default penalty of an additional 6.0% interest. Borrowings are due on the sixth anniversary of the January 2024 Loan Agreement, which may be extended by two additional two-year periods, and prepayment is permitted with prior written notice. Since the entity is consolidated as a VIE, the intercompany activity related to the January 2024 Loan Agreement is eliminated in consolidation.

February 2024 Loan Agreement

In February 2024, the Company entered into a loan agreement pursuant to which the Company may provide financing to a third party, at its sole discretion (the “February 2024 Loan Agreement”). The February 2024 Loan Agreement initially provided for up to $3,750 of financing, but was amended in July 2024 to increase the funding amount based on the Company’s sole discretion at such a time that the borrower requests additional funding. The parties also entered into a support services agreement under which the Company will provide management and advisory services for a set monthly fee. The terms of the February 2024 Loan Agreement contain certain provisions and restrictive covenants that provide the Company with operational and financial influence over the underlying entity. The February 2024 Loan Agreement provides the Company with the option to convert the outstanding balance into equity interests of the borrower, up to 100%, as may be permissible by applicable regulations at such time. The Company determined that the terms and provisions of the February 2024 Loan Agreement and support services agreement create a variable interest in the third-party entity and met the criteria for consolidation as of such date. The entity held no assets at the time the agreements were entered into and the non-controlling interest was determined to have a de minimis fair value as of that date. The net loss attributable to the non-controlling interest was not significant during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Borrowings under the February 2024 Loan Agreement bear interest at a rate of 20.0% per annum and are secured by substantially all of the assets of the borrower. The February 2024 Loan Agreement provides for customary events of default, contains certain covenants and other restrictions, and provides for a default penalty of an additional 5.0% interest. The February 2024 Loan Agreement matures ten years from issuance, but may be extended if not otherwise converted prior to maturity, with borrowings and interest not due until such time. Since the entity is consolidated as a VIE, the intercompany activity related to the February 2024 Loan Agreement and the related support services agreement is eliminated in consolidation.

20

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Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

Financial Information

The following tables present the summarized financial information about the Company’s consolidated VIEs which are included in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 and in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, as applicable. The underlying entities were determined to be VIEs since the Company possesses the power to direct the significant activities of the VIEs and has the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the VIEs. The information below excludes intercompany balances and activity that eliminate in consolidation and includes the related acquisition details disclosed in Note 4, “Acquisitions.”

(in thousands)			September 30, 2024						December 31, 2023
Current assets			$	4,414					$	585
Other noncurrent assets			61,754						44,722
Current liabilities			6,144						25,460
Noncurrent liabilities			13,418						9,516
Deficit			(8,838)						(3,476)

			Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)			2024						2023						2024						2023
Revenue, net			$	5,980					$	—					$	7,752					$	—
Net loss			(891)						(672)						(5,362)						(1,869)

9. INTANGIBLE ASSETS AND GOODWILL

(in thousands)			September 30, 2024						December 31, 2023
Intangible Assets
Licenses and permits			$	262,017					$	250,867
In-place leases			19,963						19,963
Trade names			380						380
			282,360						271,210
Accumulated amortization:
Licenses and permits			(53,708)						(34,427)
In-place leases			(16,081)						(14,951)
Trade names			(380)						(380)
			(70,169)						(49,758)
Total intangible assets, net			$	212,191					$	221,452

Amortization expense related to intangible assets was $6,842 and $5,876 during the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $20,411 and $17,703 during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Total amortization expense capitalized to inventory was $755 and $685 during the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $2,263 and $2,106 during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. At September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, $1,278 and $916, respectively, of amortization expense remained capitalized as part of inventory.

No impairment indicators were noted during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 or 2023 and, as such, we did not record any impairment charges during either period.

21

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Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

Goodwill

(in thousands)
Balance, December 31, 2023						$	47,538
Acquisitions(1)						2,261
Adjustments to purchase price allocation(1)						(200)
Balance, September 30, 2024						$	49,599

(1)Refer to Note 4, “Acquisitions,” for additional information.

10. LEASES

The Company leases land, buildings, equipment, and other capital assets which it uses for corporate purposes and the production and sale of cannabis products with terms generally ranging from 1 to 20 years.

We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception and begin recording lease activity at the commencement date, which is generally the date in which we take possession of or control the physical use of the asset. ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term, with lease expense recognized on a straight-line basis. Lease agreements may contain rent escalation clauses, rent holidays, or certain landlord incentives, including tenant improvement allowances. ROU assets include amounts for scheduled rent increases and are reduced by lease incentive amounts. Certain of our lease agreements include variable rent payments, consisting primarily of rental payments adjusted periodically for inflation and amounts paid to the lessor based on cost or consumption, such as maintenance and utilities. Variable rent lease components are not included in the lease liability. We typically exclude options to extend the lease in a lease term unless it is reasonably certain that we will exercise the option and when doing so is at our sole discretion. Our lease agreements generally do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. We may rent or sublease to third parties certain real property assets that we no longer use.

The components of lease assets and lease liabilities and their classification on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets were as follows:

(in thousands)						Classification						September 30, 2024						December 31, 2023
Lease assets
Operating leases						Operating lease right-of-use assets						$	138,776					$	130,556
Finance leases						Property and equipment, net						1,355						1,772
Total lease assets												$	140,131					$	132,328
Lease liabilities
Current liabilities
Operating leases						Operating lease liabilities, current						$	5,125					$	3,660
Finance leases						Current portion of debt, net						549						496
Noncurrent liabilities
Operating leases						Operating lease liabilities, noncurrent						267,414						261,087
Finance leases						Long-term debt, net						777						1,196
Total lease liabilities												$	273,865					$	266,439

22

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Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

The components of lease costs and classification within the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations were as follows:

			Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)			2024						2023						2024						2023
Operating lease costs
Capitalized to inventory			$	9,349					$	9,262					$	27,459					$	25,960
General and administrative expenses			980						651						3,117						1,914
Total operating lease costs			$	10,329					$	9,913					$	30,576					$	27,874
Finance lease costs
Amortization of leased assets(1)			$	139					$	138					$	417					$	320
Interest on lease liabilities			48						68						154						138
Total finance lease costs			$	187					$	206					$	571					$	458

(1)Included as a component of depreciation expense within “General and administrative expenses” on the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

At September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, $7,312 and $6,028, respectively, of lease costs remained capitalized in inventory.

The following table presents information on short-term and variable lease costs:

			Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)			2024						2023						2024						2023
Total short-term and variable lease costs			$	1,195					$	1,176					$	3,162					$	3,353

Sublease income generated during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 was immaterial.

The following table includes supplemental cash and non-cash information related to our leases:

						Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)						2024						2023
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash flows from operating leases						$	30,898					$	27,581
Operating cash flows from finance leases						154						138
Financing cash flows from finance leases						366						256
ROU assets obtained in exchange for new lease obligations
Operating leases						$	9,560					$	34,583
Finance leases						—						1,159

23

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Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

The following table summarizes the weighted-average remaining lease term and discount rate:

			September 30, 2024						December 31, 2023
Weighted-average remaining term (years)
Operating leases			13.5						14.3
Finance leases			2.3						3.0
Weighted-average discount rate
Operating leases			15.1		%				15.1		%
Finance leases			13.7		%				13.7		%

The amounts of future undiscounted cash flows related to the lease payments over the lease terms and the reconciliation to the present value of the lease liabilities as recorded on our unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of September 30, 2024 are as follows:

(in thousands)			Operating Lease Liabilities						Finance Lease Liabilities
Remainder of 2024			$	10,586					$	173
2025			43,257						693
2026			43,595						572
2027			44,759						103
2028			45,967						—
Thereafter			488,667						—
Total lease payments			676,831						1,541
Less: imputed interest			404,292						215
Present value of lease liabilities			$	272,539					$	1,326

Sale Leaseback Transactions

The following table presents cash payments due under transactions that did not qualify for sale leaseback treatment. The cash payments are allocated between interest and liability reduction, as applicable. The “sold” assets remain within land, buildings, and leasehold improvements, as appropriate, for the duration of the lease and a financing liability equal to the amount of proceeds received is recorded within “Long-term debt, net” on the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(in thousands)						Remainder of 2024						2025						2026						2027						2028						Thereafter						Total
Cash payments due under financing liabilities						$	623					$	2,525					$	2,599					$	2,676					$	2,755					$	6,722					$	17,900

24

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Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

11. DEBT

(in thousands)			September 30, 2024						December 31, 2023
2024 Term Notes(1)			$	235,000					$	—
2021 Credit Facility(2)			60,000						275,000
Finance liabilities(3)			18,100						18,100
Sellers’ notes(4)			11,996						18,591
Financing Agreement(5)			1,964						1,766
Finance leases(6)			1,326						1,692
Total debt			$	328,386					$	315,149
Current portion of debt			74,509						11,148
Less: unamortized deferred financing costs			770						—
Current portion of debt, net			$	73,739					$	11,148
Long-term debt			253,877						304,001
Less: unamortized deferred financing costs			21,715						6,436
Long-term debt, net			$	232,162					$	297,565

(1)On July 16, 2024, the Company issued $235,000 in aggregate principal of senior secured notes due July 16, 2029 (the “2024 Term Notes”) through a private placement (the “2024 Notes Offering”) pursuant to an indenture agreement (the “July 2024 Loan Agreement”). The 2024 Term Notes were issued at 94.75% of face value and do not require scheduled principal amortization payments. The 2024 Term Notes bear interest at a rate of 12.75% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on January 15 and July 15 of each year until the maturity date, commencing on January 15, 2025, unless earlier prepaid in accordance with the terms of the July 2024 Loan Agreement. The total of the original issue discount and other capitalized direct financing fees was approximately $21,200 and will be amortized over the associated term using the straight-line method, which approximates the interest method. The Company utilized the proceeds from the 2024 Notes Offering, along with cash on hand, to prepay $215,000 of borrowings outstanding under the 2021 Credit Facility, as further described below. The 2024 Term Notes were funded by a combination of new and existing lenders. Borrowings from these existing lenders were accounted for as a modification of existing debt. The Company incurred approximately $3,600 of other expenses associated with this transaction that are included within “General and administrative expenses” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024.

The 2024 Term Notes are irrevocably and unconditionally guaranteed, jointly and severally, on a senior secured basis by certain of the Company’s subsidiaries (the “Guarantees”). The 2024 Term Notes and the Guarantees are (i) secured, on a first lien basis, by substantially all assets of the Company and the guarantors of the 2024 Term Notes, subject to certain carveouts, and (ii) issued and governed by the July 2024 Loan Agreement. In addition, subject to certain limitations, the July 2024 Loan Agreement permits the Company to issue additional notes thereunder, including up to an additional $60,000 in aggregate principal in the future, with the proceeds therefrom to be used to prepay the remaining outstanding balance under, and to terminate, the 2021 Credit Facility.

The Company may, at any time and from time to time upon not less than 15 nor more than 60 days’ prior notice, prepay the 2024 Term Notes, along with accrued and unpaid interest, subject to a prepayment premium equal to: zero through July 15, 2026, 4.5% if paid between July 16, 2026 through July 15, 2027, 3.0% if paid between July 16, 2027 through July 15, 2028, and zero if paid July 16, 2028 and thereafter. The July 2024 Loan Agreement requires mandatory prepayments from proceeds of certain events. In the event of a change of control, as provided in the July 2024 Loan Agreement, the Company will be required to make an offer to each holder of the 2024 Term Notes to repay all or any part of such holders’ 2024 Term Notes at a price in cash equal to not less than 101% of the aggregate principal amount of such 2024 Term Notes repaid, plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon.

Pursuant to the July 2024 Loan Agreement, the Company has agreed to comply with certain customary covenants, including, but not limited to, restrictions on the Company’s ability to: declare or pay dividends or make certain other payments; purchase, redeem, or otherwise purchase or retire for value any equity interests or any subordinated indebtedness or otherwise make any restricted investment or restricted payment; incur certain indebtedness; create certain liens; consolidate, amalgamate, merge, or transfer all or substantially all of the assets of the Company and certain restricted subsidiaries taken as a whole; enter into certain transactions with affiliates; and engage in certain types of businesses. Additionally, the July

25

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Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

2024 Loan Agreement provides for customary events of default which, if certain of them occur, would permit certain parties, including holders of not less than 25% in aggregate principal of the then-outstanding 2024 Term Notes to declare the principal of, and interest or premium, if any, and any other monetary obligations on, all the then-outstanding 2024 Term Notes to be due and payable immediately. The July 2024 Loan Agreement also requires the Company, on a consolidated basis, to maintain liquidity, consisting of cash and/or cash equivalents plus any future revolving credit availability, at all times in an aggregate amount of at least $20,000, with which the Company was in compliance as of September 30, 2024. The Company is required to comply with certain other financial covenants in contemplation of certain transactions or events, such as acquisitions and other financing activities, as defined within and provided for under the July 2024 Loan Agreement.

(2)On August 27, 2021, the Company entered into a credit agreement with a group of lenders (the “2021 Credit Agreement”) that provided for an initial term loan of $210,000 (the “2021 Credit Facility”), which was borrowed in full. The 2021 Credit Agreement provided for an expansion feature that allowed the Company to request an increase in the 2021 Credit Facility up to $275,000 if the then-existing lenders (or other lenders) agreed to provide such additional term loans. During the second quarter of 2022, the Company borrowed an additional $65,000 pursuant to this expansion feature (the “2022 Loans”).

The 2021 Credit Facility matures on August 27, 2025 and does not require scheduled principal amortization payments. Borrowings under the 2021 Credit Facility bear interest at a rate of 9.5% per annum, payable quarterly and, as to any portion of the term loan that is prepaid, on the date of prepayment. The 2021 Credit Agreement permits the Company to request an extension of the maturity date for 364 days, subject to the lenders’ discretion.

We incurred initial financing costs of $8,806 and additional financing costs of $7,606 related to the 2022 Loans, which includes warrants issued to certain lenders to acquire 3,130 shares of Class A common stock that had a fair value of $2,639 at issuance. The financing costs are being amortized to interest expense over the term of 2021 Credit Facility using the straight-line method which approximates the interest rate method.

The 2021 Credit Agreement requires mandatory prepayments from proceeds of certain events, including the proceeds of indebtedness that is not permitted under the agreement and asset sales and casualty events, subject to customary reinvestment rights. The Company may prepay the 2021 Credit Facility at any time, subject to a customary make-whole payment or prepayment penalty, as applicable. Once repaid, amounts borrowed under the 2021 Credit Facility may not be re-borrowed.

In April 2024, the 2021 Credit Agreement was amended to permit the Company to initiate, from time to time and at its discretion, a “Dutch Auction” pursuant to which it may issue a tender offer to existing lenders to re-purchase and retire their loans at a specified discount to par. No such re-purchase has occurred as of the date of filing of this Form 10-Q.

In June 2024, the 2021 Credit Agreement was amended to, among other things, permit the Company to issue new senior secured notes. In July 2024, the Company prepaid $215,000 of borrowings outstanding under the 2021 Credit Facility, primarily utilizing the proceeds from the issuance of the 2024 Term Notes, as discussed above. The remaining $60,000 of borrowings outstanding under the 2021 Credit Facility will remain outstanding based on the original terms of the 2021 Credit Agreement. The Company recognized, as a component of interest expense, a loss on extinguishment of $5,475, which includes $3,527 of prepayment fees and the write-off of $1,948 of unamortized deferred financing costs that were attributable to those lenders who did not provide funding under the 2024 Term Notes. A total of $1,579 of prepayment fees and $1,428 of previously unamortized deferred financing costs that were associated with existing lenders will remain capitalized and will be deferred over the term of the 2024 Term Notes in accordance with modification treatment. The total prepayment fee of $5,106 is included within “Debt issuance costs” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. A total of $943 of unamortized deferred financing costs were associated with the portion of the 2021 Credit Facility that was not prepaid and will be amortized through the remaining term of those loans.

The Company is required to comply with two financial covenants under the 2021 Credit Agreement. The Company may not permit its liquidity (defined as unrestricted cash and cash equivalents pledged under the 2021 Credit Facility plus any future revolving credit availability) to be below $20,000 as of the last day of any fiscal quarter. Additionally, the Company may not permit the ratio of Consolidated EBITDA (as defined in the 2021 Credit Agreement) to consolidated cash interest expense for any period of four consecutive fiscal quarters to be less than 2.50:1.00. The Company has a customary equity cure right for each of these financial covenants. The Company was in compliance with these covenants as of September 30, 2024.

The 2021 Credit Agreement requires the Company to make certain representations and warranties and to comply with customary covenants, including restrictions on the payment of dividends, repurchase of stock, incurrence of indebtedness, dispositions, and acquisitions. The 2021 Credit Agreement also contains customary events of default including: non-payment of principal or interest; violations of covenants; bankruptcy; change of control; cross defaults to other debt; and material judgments. The 2021 Credit Facility is guaranteed by all of the Company’s subsidiaries and is secured by substantially all of the assets of the Company and its subsidiaries.

(3)Finance liabilities related to failed sale leaseback transactions. See Note 10, “Leases,” for additional information.

26

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Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

(4)Sellers’ notes consist of amounts owed for acquisitions or other purchases. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, sellers’ notes includes the OPA Sellers’ Note which had balance of $10,686 included in “Current portion of debt, net” at September 30, 2024 and $9,705 that was included within “Long-term debt, net” at December 31, 2023. The $11,000 OPA Sellers’ Note was recorded net of a discount of $3,010 that was calculated utilizing the Company’s estimated incremental borrowing rate based on the anticipated close date that is being accreted to interest expense over the expected term. Additionally, sellers’ notes includes $1,310 related to the Massachusetts Purchase Agreement entered into during 2024, which is included within “Current portion of debt, net” at September 30, 2024, and of which $1,250 was paid on October 1, 2024. Refer to Note 4, “Acquisitions,” for additional information regarding these transactions.

Sellers’ notes outstanding as of December 31, 2023 includes a total of $8,100 related to the acquisition of two licenses in Illinois, which total was included in “Current portion of debt, net” at December 31, 2023, and of which $2,500 was paid in April 2024 and $5,600 was paid in July 2024.

Additionally, during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we repaid $786 of sellers’ notes related to the former owners of a previous non-controlling interest, which was included in “Current portion of debt, net” at December 31, 2023.

(5)In December 2022, the Company received $19,364 pursuant to a financing agreement with a third-party lender (the “Financing Agreement”). The Company assigned to the lender its interests in an employee retention tax credit claim (the “ERTC Claim”) that it submitted in November 2022 totaling approximately $22,794. If the Company does not receive the ERTC Claim, in whole or in part, the Company is required to repay the related portion of the funds received plus interest of 10% accrued from the date of the Financing Agreement through the repayment date. The Financing Agreement does not have a stated maturity date and the discount is being accreted to interest expense over an expected term. The Company’s obligations under the Financing Agreement will be satisfied upon receipt of the ERTC Claim, in full, or other full repayment. The total claim amount of $22,794 was recognized during the second quarter of 2023. A total of $1,964 of the ERTC Claim remains outstanding as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, which receivable is included in “Other current assets” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, and the balance outstanding under the Financing Agreement is included in “Current portion of debt, net.”

(6)Liabilities related to finance leases. See Note 10, “Leases,” for additional information.

Debt Maturities

As of September 30, 2024, the following cash payments are payable under our debt arrangements:

(in thousands)						Remainder of 2024						2025																								2029						Total
Sellers’ notes(1)						$	1,250					$	11,060																							$	—					$	12,310
Term note maturities						—						60,000																								235,000						295,000

(1)Certain cash payments include an interest accretion component. The timing of certain payments may vary based on regulatory approval of the underlying transactions.

27

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Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

Interest Expense

Interest expense during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 consisted of the following:

			Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)			2024						2023						2024						2023
Cash interest			$	8,707					$	6,515					$	21,699					$	19,479
Loss on extinguishment of debt(1)			5,475						—						5,475						—
Accretion			1,636						1,802						4,432						7,082
Interest on financing liabilities(2)			615						578						1,794						1,720
Interest on finance leases			48						68						154						138
Total			$	16,481					$	8,963					$	33,554					$	28,419

(1)Includes $3,527 of pre-payment fees associated with the partial extinguishment treatment of the pre-payment made under the 2021 Credit Facility and the write-off of $1,948 of unamortized deferred financing costs.

(2)Interest on financing liability related to failed sale leaseback transactions. See Note 10, “Leases,” for additional details.

12. STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

The Company has authorized 750,000 shares of Class A common stock with a par value of $0.001 per share, 100 shares of Class B common stock with a par value of $0.001 per share, and 10,000 shares of preferred stock with a par value of $0.001 per share. Holders of each share of Class A common stock are entitled to one vote per share and holders of Class B common stock are entitled to 1,000 votes per share. Holders of Class A common stock and Class B common stock will vote together as a single class on all matters (including the election of directors) submitted to a vote of stockholders, unless otherwise required by law or our certificate of incorporation. Each share of Class B common stock is convertible at any time into one share of Class A common stock at the option of the holder. In addition, each share of Class B common stock will automatically convert into one share of Class A common stock on May 4, 2026, the final conversion date. Each share of Class B common stock will convert automatically into one share of Class A common stock upon any transfer, whether or not for value, except for certain transfers described in our certificate of incorporation, including, without limitation, transfers for tax and estate planning purposes, so long as the transferring holder of Class B common stock continues to hold exclusive voting and dispositive power with respect to any such transferred shares. Once converted into a share of Class A common stock, a converted share of Class B common stock will not be reissued, and following the conversion of all outstanding shares of Class B common stock, no further shares of Class B common stock will be issued.

The following table summarizes the total shares of Class A common stock and Class B common stock outstanding as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

(in thousands)			September 30, 2024						December 31, 2023
Shares of Class A common stock			214,346						206,810
Shares of Class B common stock			65						65
Total			214,411						206,875

28

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Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

Warrants

The following table summarizes the warrants activity during the nine months ended September 30, 2024:

						Number of Warrants (in thousands)						Weighted-Average Exercise Price						Weighted-Average Remaining Exercise Period (years)						Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)(1)
Outstanding, December 31, 2023						4,568						$	3.33					2.3						$	—
Outstanding, September 30, 2024(2)						4,568						$	3.33					1.5						$	—

(1)Based on the amount by which the closing market price of our Class A common stock exceeds the exercise price on each date indicated.

(2)The warrants outstanding as of September 30, 2024 are equity-classified instruments, are subject to customary anti-dilution adjustments, and are stand-alone instruments. The fair value per warrant was calculated at issuance using a Black-Scholes model and ranged from $0.06 to $0.84. Significant assumptions used in the calculations included volatility ranging from 70.0% to 87.5% and risk-free rates ranging from 0.3% to 4.2%. No warrants were exercised during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

13. EQUITY-BASED COMPENSATION EXPENSE

Equity Incentive Plans

The Company adopted an incentive plan in November 2020 (the “2020 Plan”) which authorized the issuance of incentive common unit options and restricted common units (collectively, “Awards”). The maximum number of Awards to be issued under the 2020 Plan is 10,031 and any Awards that expire or are forfeited may be re-issued. As of September 30, 2024, a total of 9,994 Awards had been granted under the 2020 Plan and, as of September 30, 2024, there are no remaining unvested Awards and no remaining unrecognized compensation cost associated with these Awards. The Awards issued generally vested over two or three years and the estimated fair value of the Awards at issuance was recognized as compensation expense over the related vesting period.

In July 2021, the Company adopted a new stock incentive plan (the “2021 Plan”), pursuant to which 17,000 shares of Class A common stock are reserved for issuance thereunder, subject to certain adjustments and other terms. Following the adoption of the 2021 Plan, no additional awards are expected to be issued under the 2020 Plan. The 2021 Plan authorized the issuance of stock options, stock appreciation rights (“SAR Awards”), restricted stock awards (“RSAs”), restricted stock units (“RSUs”), and other stock-based awards (collectively the “2021 Plan Awards”). Any 2021 Plan Awards that expire or are forfeited may be re-issued. The estimated fair value of the 2021 Plan Awards at issuance is recognized as compensation expense over the related vesting, exercise, or service periods, as applicable.

On March 9, 2023, the Company’s board of directors unanimously approved, subject to stockholder approval, an amendment to the 2021 Plan (the “Amendment” and together with the 2021 Plan, the “Amended 2021 Plan”) to increase the maximum number of shares of Class A common stock available for issuance under the Amended 2021 Plan to an amount not to exceed 10% of the total number of issued and outstanding shares of Class A common stock, on a non-diluted basis, as constituted on the grant date of an award pursuant to the Amended 2021 Plan. On May 5, 2023, the stockholders of the Company voted to approve the Amendment. As of September 30, 2024, there were 10,729 shares of Class A common stock available for grant for future equity-based compensation awards under the Amended 2021 Plan. Activity related to awards issued under the Amended 2021 Plan is further described below. As of September 30, 2024, no SAR Awards and no RSAs had been granted under the Amended 2021 Plan.

29

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Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

Stock Options

The following table summarizes stock option activity during the nine months ended September 30, 2024:

						Options Outstanding
(in thousands, except per share amounts)						Number of Options						Weighted-Average Exercise Price						Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life (years)						Aggregate Intrinsic Value(1)
Outstanding, December 31, 2023						4,010						$	1.80					3.9						$	353
Exercised						(206)						0.85												8
Forfeited						(112)						1.15
Expired						(346)						2.91
Outstanding, September 30, 2024						3,346						$	1.77					3.2						$	—
Exercisable at September 30, 2024						2,212						$	1.91					3.1						$	—

(1)Based on the amount by which the closing market price of our Class A common stock exceeds the exercise price on each date indicated.

Total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested options was $742 as of September 30, 2024, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average remaining period of 2.0 years.

Restricted Stock Units

The following table summarizes the RSU activity during the nine months ended September 30, 2024:

			Number of Shares (in thousands)						Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share
Unvested, December 31, 2023			12,021						$	2.15
Granted(1)			12,110						1.29
Vested(1)(2)			(11,294)						2.29
Forfeited			(5,478)						1.10
Unvested, September 30, 2024			7,359						$	1.31

(1)Includes RSUs issued for the 2023 annual performance bonus that vested at issuance with a value of $3,304, of which $2,838 is included in “Accounts payable and accrued liabilities” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2023, with the remainder reflected as a change in estimate that is included within “General and administrative expenses” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

(2)Includes 3,964 vested shares that were withheld to cover tax obligations and were subsequently cancelled.

As of September 30, 2024, total unrecognized compensation cost related to the RSUs was $8,154, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average remaining period of 2.8 years.

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Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

Performance Based Awards

In August 2023, the Company’s board of directors approved the grant of 4,000 RSUs outside of the Company’s Amended 2021 Plan (the “August 2023 Grant”). The August 2023 Grant was issued pursuant to an employment agreement and vests upon the later of the second anniversary of employment and the achievement of certain stock price targets. Continued service to the Company is required as of the date the vesting conditions are satisfied. The August 2023 Grant was forfeited in August 2024 following the cessation of the associated service to the Company and $638 of associated equity-based compensation was reversed during the three months ended September 30, 2024.

Compensation Expense by Type of Award

The following table details the equity-based compensation expense by type of award for the periods presented:

			Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)			2024						2023						2024						2023
RSUs(1)			$	(287)					$	4,656					$	14,575					$	13,133
Stock Options			92						308						1,230						728
Restricted Common Shares			—						—						—						115
Total equity-based compensation expense			$	(195)					$	4,964					$	15,805					$	13,976

(1)The three months ended September 30, 2024 reflects the reversal of equity-based compensation associated with RSUs and performance based awards that were forfeited during the period.

During the three months ended September 30, 2024 the Company recognized a net benefit of $359 from the forfeiture of certain unvested awards within “General and administrative expenses” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and recognized $230 of expense within “Cost of goods sold.” During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company recognized $9,289 of expense within “General and administrative expenses” and $6,777 within “Cost of goods sold.” During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recognized $3,134 and $8,287, respectively, of expense within “General and administrative expenses” and recognized $2,476 and $4,457, respectively, within “Cost of goods sold.”

During the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 the Company capitalized $164 and $1,830, respectively, of equity-based compensation expense to inventory, and $6,516 and $5,689 was capitalized during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, $1,707 and $1,968, respectively, remained capitalized in inventory.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

In July 2021, the Company also adopted an employee stock purchase plan (the “2021 ESPP”), pursuant to which 4,000 shares of Class A common stock are reserved for issuance thereunder, subject to certain adjustments and other terms. No shares have been issued under the 2021 ESPP as of September 30, 2024.

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Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

14. INCOME TAXES

			Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
($ in thousands)			2024						2023						2024						2023
Loss before income taxes			$	(18,489)					$	(4,514)					$	(33,820)					$	(7,391)
Income tax expense			9,767						6,726						34,383						21,480
Effective tax rate			(52.8)		%				(149.0)		%				(101.7)		%				(290.6)		%
Gross profit			$	43,729					$	43,556					$	137,339					$	107,579
Effective tax rate on gross profit			22.3		%				15.4		%				25.0		%				20.0		%

The internal revenue service has taken the position that cannabis companies are subject to the limitations of IRC Section 280E, under which such companies are only allowed to deduct expenses directly related to the sales of product. This results in permanent differences between ordinary and necessary business expenses deemed non-allowable under IRC Section 280E and those allowed for financial statement reporting purposes (“book-to-tax” differences). Cannabis companies operating in states that align their tax codes with IRC Section 280E are also unable to deduct ordinary and necessary business expenses for state tax purposes. Ordinary and necessary business expenses deemed non-deductible under IRC Section 280E are treated as permanent book-to-tax differences. Therefore, the effective tax rate on income realized by cannabis companies can be highly variable and may not necessarily correlate with pre-tax income or loss.

The Company’s quarterly tax provision is calculated under the discrete method which treats the interim period as if it were the annual period and determines the income tax expense or benefit on that basis. The discrete method is applied when application of the estimated annual effective tax rate is impractical because it is not possible to reliably estimate the annual effective tax rate. The Company believes, at this time, the use of this discrete method is more appropriate than the annual effective tax rate method due to the high degree of uncertainty in estimating annual pre-tax income due to the early growth stage of the business.

The Company has recorded an uncertain tax liability for uncertain tax positions primarily related to the treatment of certain transactions and deductions under IRC Section 280E based on legal interpretations that challenge the Company’s tax liability under IRC Section 280E. These uncertain tax positions are included within “Other non-current liabilities” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The following table shows a reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits:

						Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
Balance, December 31, 2023						$	72,955
Additions for tax positions related to the current year						26,315
Additions for tax positions related to prior years(1)						27,131
Balance, September 30, 2024						$	126,401

(1)Includes approximately $17,000 of IRC Section 280E refunds received during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

A total of $15,809 of interest and penalties is accrued for the uncertain tax positions as of September 30, 2024, which includes $10,385 related to the current year and $5,424 for prior years. The Company has been selected for examination of its amended tax returns filed with these unrecognized tax benefits but does not currently anticipate its unrecognized tax benefits to be resolved in the next twelve months and anticipates that the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits may change within the next twelve months for additional uncertain tax positions taken on a go-forward basis. If favorably resolved, the unrecognized tax benefits would decrease the Company’s effective tax rate.

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Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

15. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Commitments

The Company does not have significant future annual commitments, other than related to leases and debt, which are disclosed in Notes 10 and 11, respectively, and certain payments related to acquisitions, as disclosed in Note 4. The Company has commercial relationships with license holders across the markets in which it operates with mutually beneficial purchasing and supply arrangements entered into in the ordinary course of business.

Through the acquisition of Story of PA CR, LLC (“Story of PA”) in April 2022, the Company is party to a research collaboration agreement with the Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine (“Geisinger”), a Pennsylvania Department of Health-Certified Medical Marijuana Academic Clinical Research Center, through which to which the Company will help fund clinical research to benefit the patients of Pennsylvania. A total of up to $10,000 of additional funding may be provided pursuant to the research collaboration agreement and is expected to be funded over the course of the ten years following the transaction date based on a percentage of annual revenues associated with the underlying operations, of which none has been funded to date. This additional $10,000 is included within “Other non-current liabilities” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Legal and Other Matters

The Company’s operations are subject to a variety of local and state regulations. Failure to comply with one or more of those regulations could result in fines, restrictions on its operations, or losses of permits that could result in the Company ceasing operations. While management believes that the Company is in compliance with applicable local and state regulations as of September 30, 2024 in all material respects, cannabis regulations continue to evolve and are subject to differing interpretations, and accordingly, the Company may be subject to regulatory fines, penalties, or restrictions in the future.

State laws that permit and regulate the production, distribution, and use of cannabis for adult-use or medical purposes are in direct conflict with the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. § 811) (the “CSA”), which makes cannabis use and possession federally illegal. Although certain states and territories of the United States authorize medical and/or adult-use cannabis production and distribution by licensed or registered entities, under United States federal law, the possession, use, cultivation, and transfer of cannabis and any related drug paraphernalia is illegal and any such acts are criminal acts under federal law under the CSA. Although the Company’s activities are believed to be compliant with applicable state and local laws, strict compliance with state and local laws with respect to cannabis may neither absolve the Company of liability under United States federal law, nor may it provide a defense to any federal proceeding which may be brought against the Company.

The Company may be, from time to time, subject to various administrative, regulatory, and other legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. Contingent liabilities associated with legal proceedings are recorded when a liability is probable and the contingent liability can be estimated. We do not accrue for contingent losses that, in our judgment, are considered to be reasonably possible but not probable. At September 30, 2024 there were no pending or threatened lawsuits that could reasonably be expected to have a material effect on our consolidated results of operations, other than as disclosed below.

MedMen NY Litigation

On February 25, 2021, the Company entered into a definitive investment agreement (the “Investment Agreement”) with subsidiaries of MedMen Enterprises Inc. (“MedMen”), under which we would have, subject to regulatory approval, completed an investment (the “Investment”) of approximately $73,000 in MedMen NY, Inc. (“MMNY”), a licensed medical cannabis operator in the state of New York. Following the completion of the transactions contemplated by the Investment Agreement, we were expected to hold all the outstanding equity of MMNY. Specifically, the Investment Agreement provided that at closing, the Company was going to pay to MedMen’s senior lenders $35,000, less certain transaction costs and a prepaid deposit of $4,000, and AWH New York, LLC was going to issue a senior secured promissory note in favor of MMNY’s senior secured lender in the principal amount of $28,000, guaranteed by AWH, which cash investment and note would be used to reduce the

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Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

amounts owed to MMNY’s senior secured lender. Following its investment, AWH would hold a controlling interest in MMNY equal to approximately 86.7% of the equity in MMNY, and be provided with an option to acquire MedMen’s remaining interest in MMNY in the future for a nominal additional payment, which option the Company intended to exercise. The Investment Agreement also required AWH to make an additional investment of $10,000 in MMNY, which investment would also be used to repay MMNY’s senior secured lender, if adult-use cannabis sales commenced in MMNY’s dispensaries.

The Company contends that, in December 2021, the parties to the Investment Agreement received the required approvals from the State of New York to close the transactions contemplated by the Investment Agreement, but MedMen has disputed the adequacy of the approvals provided by the State of New York. The Company delivered notice to MedMen in December 2021 that it wished to close the transactions as required by the Investment Agreement. Nevertheless, MedMen, on January 2, 2022, gave notice to the Company that MedMen purported to terminate the Investment Agreement.

Following receipt of such notice, on January 13, 2022, the Company filed a complaint against MedMen and others in the Commercial Division of the Supreme Court of the State of New York (the “Court”), requesting specific performance that the transactions contemplated by the Investment Agreement must move forward, and such other relief as the Court may deem appropriate. The Company simultaneously moved for a temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction (the “Motion”) requiring MedMen to operate its New York business in the ordinary course of business and to refrain from any activities or transactions that might impair, encumber, or dissipate MedMen’s New York assets. The parties resolved the Motion via a “Stipulation and Order” entered by the Court on January 21, 2022 that required that MMNY operate only in compliance with the law and in a manner consistent with its ordinary course of business that preserved all assets of MMNY. It further required MMNY to not take certain actions, including any actions that would have a material adverse effect on MedMen’s New York business. On March 27, 2023, the parties entered a further stipulation that modified the January 21, 2022 Stipulation and Order by lifting the Court’s prohibition against a sale or transfer of MMNY or its assets, without waiver of any claims that the Company might have in the event of such a transaction. That further stipulation modifying the January 21, 2022 Stipulation and Order was entered by the Court on August 1, 2023.

On January 24, 2022, MedMen filed counterclaims against the Company, alleging that Ascend had breached the Investment Agreement, and seeking declaratory relief that MedMen had properly terminated the Investment Agreement. On February 14, 2022, the Company moved to dismiss MedMen’s counterclaims and filed an amended complaint (the “First Amended Complaint”) that included additional claims against MedMen for breach of contract. The First Amended Complaint contained several causes of action, including for breach of contract and breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing. The First Amended Complaint sought damages in addition to continuing to seek injunctive and declaratory relief. On March 7, 2022, MedMen filed amended counterclaims, an answer, and affirmative defenses to the First Amended Complaint. On March 28, 2022, the Company moved to dismiss MedMen’s amended counterclaims. On April 20, 2022, the parties entered into a stipulation extending the time for MedMen to oppose the Company’s motion to dismiss until May 5, 2022. In addition, the parties agreed to stay all discovery, including both party and non-party discovery. On May 5, 2022, the parties filed another stipulation order with the Court adjourning until further notice from the Court MedMen’s time to oppose the Company’s motion to dismiss MedMen’s amended counterclaims. The parties again stipulated that all discovery remains stayed pending further order from the Court.

On May 10, 2022, the Company and MedMen signed a term sheet (the “Term Sheet”), pursuant to which the parties agreed to use best efforts to enter into a settlement agreement and enter into new or amended transactional documents. Specifically, if consummated, the agreements contemplated by the Term Sheet would have entailed, among other things, the Company paying MedMen $15,000 in additional transaction consideration, and MedMen withdrawing its counterclaims against the Company. Per the amended transaction terms contemplated in the Term Sheet, upon closing, the Company would have received a 99.99% controlling interest in MMNY and the Company would have paid MedMen $74,000, which reflected the original transaction consideration plus an additional $11,000 per the parties’ Term Sheet, less a $4,000 deposit that the Company already paid.

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Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

The amended transaction terms contemplated in the Term Sheet also would have required MedMen to provide a representation and warranty that the status of the MMNY assets had not materially changed since December 31, 2021 and an acknowledgement that the representations and warranties from the Investment Agreement would survive for three months after the closing of the contemplated transactions. However, after the Company determined that MedMen could not make or provide the representations and warranties that MedMen would have been required to make as part of the contemplated transactions, the Company determined that it no longer intended to consummate the contemplated transactions.

On September 30, 2022, the Company sought leave from the Court to file a second amended complaint (the “Second Amended Complaint”). The Second Amended Complaint contains breach of contract claims against MedMen, as well as a claim for the breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and a claim for anticipatory breach of contract. In connection with those claims, the Company is no longer seeking injunctive or declaratory relief; however, the Company continues to seek damages from MedMen, including, but not limited to, the return of the $4,000 deposit, approximately $2,400 of advances pursuant to a working capital loan agreement (as described in Note 6, “Notes Receivable”) and other capital expenditure advances paid to MMNY by the Company.

On November 21, 2022, the parties entered into a stipulation whereby MedMen agreed to the filing of the Second Amended Complaint, which is now the Company’s operative pleading in the litigation. In addition, in the stipulation, the Company agreed that it would not contest MedMen’s filing of second amended counterclaims against the Company while reserving all rights with respect to any such counterclaims. Because the parties agreed to the filing of each side’s amended pleadings, on November 28, 2022, the Court determined that Ascend’s March 2022 motion to dismiss was moot.

On December 21, 2022, MedMen filed its second amended counterclaims, an answer, and affirmative defenses to the Company’s Second Amended Complaint. In addition to the allegations in MedMen’s earlier pleadings, MedMen now also alleged that the Company breached the Term Sheet. On January 20, 2023, the Company moved to dismiss MedMen’s second amended counterclaims.

On August 18, 2023, the Court issued a Decision and Order on the Company’s motion to dismiss, dismissing seven of MedMen’s ten counterclaims, including each of the counterclaims brought by MedMen relating to the Term Sheet. On September 26, 2023, MedMen filed a motion seeking leave to file its third amended counterclaims, in which MedMen seeks to revive its previously dismissed counterclaims relating to the Term Sheet. On October 24, 2023, the Company filed an opposition to that motion for leave. As further discussed below, the Court denied that motion on February 2, 2024. In addition, on October 18, 2023, MedMen filed a Notice of Appeal of the Court’s August 18, 2023 Decision and Order with respect to the dismissal of MedMen’s three counterclaims relating to the Term Sheet. On November 1, 2023 the Company filed a Notice of Cross-Appeal with respect to the Court’s determination that the Company’s motion to dismiss was not subject to New York’s anti-SLAPP statute. Both parties have yet to perfect the appeals.

On February 2, 2024, the Court issued a Decision and Order denying MedMen’s motion for leave to file its third amended counterclaims.

On February 21, 2024, the current counsel-of-record for MedMen filed an order to show cause with the Court seeking leave to withdraw as counsel and stay proceedings for thirty days to permit MedMen time to obtain new counsel. On March 20, 2024, the Court granted such withdrawal motion and appointed April 25, 2024 as the deadline for MedMen to obtain new counsel, which, as of the date of filing of this Form 10-Q, had not occurred.

On April 26, 2024, MedMen announced that it made an assignment into bankruptcy pursuant to Canada’s Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act on April 24, 2024 and B. Riley Farber Inc. was appointed as its bankruptcy trustee. In addition, MedMen announced that MedMen’s wholly owned subsidiary, MM CAN USA, Inc., a California corporation, was placed into receivership in the Los Angeles Superior Court, Santa Monica Division on April 23, 2024 to effectuate an orderly dissolution and liquidation of its California-based assets. MedMen further announced that it intends to initiate additional receivership proceedings in those U.S. states where MM CAN USA, Inc. controls or owns assets, through which the operations and assets of MedMen’s subsidiaries will be dissolved or liquidated pursuant to applicable laws in the United States. On May 21, 2024, the Los Angeles Superior Court issued an order

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Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

confirming the appointment a receiver for MM CAN USA, Inc. The receiver has submitted monthly reports to the Los Angeles Superior Court estimating that the liabilities of MedMen’s subsidiaries likely significantly exceed the estimated liquidated value of MedMen's subsidiaries and their respective assets, and such reports indicate that efforts to dissolve, liquidate, or abandon such assets are ongoing.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, following the Company’s decision to no longer consummate the contemplated transactions, the Company established an estimated reserve of $3,700 related to the amounts that it has been actively pursuing collecting, which reserve is included within “Other current assets” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2023. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company increased the estimated reserve by $5,447, which is included within “General and administrative expenses” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and within “Other” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The total reserve as of September 30, 2024 is reflective of all outstanding balances and of which $2,422 is included within “Notes receivable” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet, $6,695 is included within “Other current assets,” and the remainder is included within “Other noncurrent assets.”

Other Matter

In April 2021, the Company, through a subsidiary, entered into a settlement agreement with TVP, LLC, TVP Grand Rapids, LLC and, TVP Alma, LLC (collectively, the “TVP Parties”) regarding a dispute related to a purchase agreement for the Company’s potential acquisition of certain real estate properties in Michigan. As part of that settlement, the Company issued historical equity units to the TVP Parties to be held in the name of an escrow agent (the “Escrow Units”). The Escrow Units were fully issued and outstanding as of the settlement date and were to remain in the escrow account until such time as the TVP Parties exercised an option to hold the Escrow Units directly (the “Put Option”), which could be exercised for three years. In February 2024, the TVP Parties notified the Company that they were exercising the Put Option and the transfer was completed in May 2024, at which time the Escrow Units were released to the TVP Parties and the TVP Parties transferred to the Company the equity interests of the entities that hold three real estate properties. The underlying properties were determined to have a total fair value of $5,400 as of the settlement date, which was included within “Other noncurrent assets” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2023 and was reclassified to “Property and equipment, net” as of the transfer date. Prior to the completion of the transfer, the Company operated dispensaries at these locations pursuant to lease agreements, which operations will continue at the now-owned properties.

16. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

There were no significant related party transactions during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, other than as disclosed in Note 6, “Notes Receivable.”

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Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

17. SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION

The following table presents supplemental information regarding our other current assets:

(in thousands)			September 30, 2024						December 31, 2023
Prepaid expenses			$	5,928					$	7,270
Deposits and other receivables			3,972						9,302
Construction deposits			210						569
Tenant improvement allowance			—						1,010
Other			263						1,493
Total			$	10,373					$	19,644

The following table presents supplemental information regarding our accounts payable and accrued liabilities:

(in thousands)			September 30, 2024						December 31, 2023
Accounts payable			$	29,346					$	34,687
Accrued payroll and related expenses			9,799						21,306
Accrued interest			6,239						—
Fixed asset purchases			2,981						5,738
Other			10,529						9,381
Total			$	58,894					$	71,112

The following table presents supplemental information regarding our general and administrative expenses:

			Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)			2024						2023						2024						2023
Compensation			$	16,441					$	17,855					$	57,267					$	49,043
Depreciation and amortization			8,764						7,495						26,058						21,927
Rent and utilities			5,943						5,859						16,782						15,059
Professional services			7,763						3,217						16,037						9,864
Insurance			1,420						1,165						4,365						3,908
Marketing			1,887						1,034						4,031						3,303
Gain on sale of assets			—						—						(11)						(226)
Other			3,928						3,384						14,174						8,884
Total			$	46,146					$	40,009					$	138,703					$	111,762

18. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

Management has evaluated subsequent events to determine if events or transactions occurring through the filing date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q require adjustment to or disclosure in the Company’s Financial Statements. There were no events that require adjustment to or disclosure in the Financial Statements, except as disclosed.

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

The following management discussion and analysis, which we refer to as the “MD&A,” of the financial condition and results of operations of Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc. (the “Company,” “AWH,” or “Ascend”) is for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. It is supplemental to, and should be read in conjunction with, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, and the accompanying notes thereto, (the “Financial Statements”) appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (the “Quarterly Report” or “Form 10-Q”) and our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 (the “Annual Report”), which has been filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and with the relevant Canadian securities regulatory authorities under its profile on the System for Electronic Document Analysis and Retrieval Plus (“SEDAR+”). The Financial Statements and Annual Report were prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, which we refer to as “U.S. GAAP.”

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with, and is qualified in its entirety by, the Financial Statements. The discussion in this section contains both historical information and forward-looking statements, within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, and forward-looking information, within the meaning of applicable Canadian securities laws, (collectively, “forward-looking statements”) that involve risks and uncertainties. Generally, forward-looking statements may be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as “plans,” “expects,” “does not expect,” “proposed,” “is expected,” “budgets,” “scheduled,” “estimates,” “forecasts,” “intends,” “anticipates,” “does not anticipate,” “believes,” or variations of such words and phrases, or by the use of words or phrases which state that certain actions, events, or results may, could, would, or might occur or be achieved. There can be no assurance that such forward-looking statements will prove to be accurate, and actual results and future events could differ materially from those anticipated in such forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors that may cause the actual results, level of activity, performance, or achievements of the Company to be materially different from those or implied by such forward-looking statements. Readers are further cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements as there can be no assurance that the plans, intentions, or expectations upon which they are placed will occur. Forward-looking statements in this MD&A are expressly qualified by this cautionary statement. See “Forward-Looking Statements” for more information.

Financial information and unit or share figures, except per-unit or per-share amounts, presented in this MD&A are presented in thousands of United States dollars (“$”), unless otherwise indicated. We round amounts in this MD&A to the thousands and calculate all percentages, per-unit, and per-share data from the underlying whole-dollar amounts. Thus, certain amounts may not foot, crossfoot, or recalculate based on reported numbers due to rounding. Unless otherwise indicated, all references to years are to our fiscal year, which ends on December 31.

The Company’s shares of Class A common stock are listed on the Canadian Securities Exchange (the “CSE”) under the ticker symbol “AAWH.U” and are quoted on the OTCQX® Best Market under the symbol “AAWH.” We are an emerging growth company under federal securities laws and as such we are able to elect to follow scaled disclosure requirements for this filing.

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BUSINESS OVERVIEW

Established in 2018 and headquartered in Morristown, New Jersey, AWH is a vertically integrated multi-state operator focused on adult-use or near-term adult-use cannabis states in limited license markets. Our core business is the cultivation, manufacturing, and distribution of cannabis consumer packaged goods, which we sell through our company-owned retail stores and to third-party licensed retail cannabis stores. We believe in bettering lives through cannabis. Our mission is to improve the lives of our employees, patients, customers, and the communities we serve through the use of the cannabis plant. We are committed to providing safe, reliable, and high-quality products and providing consumers options and education to ensure they are able to identify and obtain the products that fit their personal needs.

Since our formation, we have expanded our operational footprint, primarily through acquisitions, and, as of September 30, 2024, had direct or indirect operations or financial interests in seven United States geographic markets: Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. While we have been successful in opening facilities and dispensaries, we expect continued growth to be driven by opening new operational facilities and dispensaries under our current licenses, expansion of our current facilities, and increased consumer demand. We currently employ approximately 2,300 people.

Our consumer products portfolio is generated primarily from plant material that we grow and process ourselves. As of September 30, 2024, we produce our consumer packaged goods in seven manufacturing facilities with 255,000 square feet of total canopy. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, we sold approximately 48,000 and 141,000 pounds of wholesale product, on a gross basis, respectively, compared to 40,000 and 101,000 pounds during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. In January 2024, we entered into a definitive agreement to acquire a cultivation license and a manufacturer license that we intend to use at a second cultivation site in Massachusetts to further expand our production capacity in that market. We added approximately 15,000 square feet of total additional canopy with this additional site, which build out was largely completed during the second quarter of 2024, and anticipate the transaction will close in early 2025. Our product portfolio consists of a range of cannabis product categories including flower, pre-rolls, concentrates, vapes, edibles, and other cannabis-related products. As of September 30, 2024, we have 39 open and operating retail locations, which includes 2 partner locations, and by the end of 2024 we expect to have 40 total retail locations, including 2 partner locations. Our new store opening plans are flexible and will ultimately depend on market conditions, local licensing, construction, and other regulatory permissions. We are also pursuing opportunities to partner with social equity license holders to expand our presence in various states. All of our expansion plans are subject to capital allocations decisions, the evolving regulatory environment, and the general economic environment.

Recent Developments

Business Developments

The Company is continuously reviewing its footprint in order to optimize its operations, including expansion opportunities across the markets in which it operates. Some of the highlights achieved during the quarter include:

•commencing non-medical sales at five dispensaries in Ohio;

•opening a fifth dispensary in Pennsylvania; and

•generating positive net cash from operating activities and refinancing a portion of our previously outstanding debt obligations, as further described in “Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

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Recent and Pending Transactions

Massachusetts Cultivation

In January 2024, the Company entered into a definitive agreement (the “Massachusetts Purchase Agreement”) to purchase a cultivation and manufacturer license from a third party in Massachusetts for a cash purchase price of $2,750, which total may be adjusted at final closing as provided in the Massachusetts Purchase Agreement and of which $1,500 was paid at signing and $1,250 was paid on October 1, 2024. The transfer of each license is subject to regulatory review and approval, which the Company expects may occur within twelve months following the signing date. The licenses were not associated with active operations at signing, but operations have since commenced. In conjunction with the Massachusetts Purchase Agreement, the parties also entered into a bridge loan which provides for the financing of certain covered expenses, at the sole discretion of the Company. This bridge loan bears interest based on the federal funds rate and, if not otherwise satisfied, is due on the fifth anniversary of the signing date. The parties also entered into an interim consulting services agreement, effective as of the signing date. The Company accounted for this transaction as an asset acquisition as of the signing date based on the provisions of the underlying agreements and allocated the cash consideration as the cost of the license acquired. The Company has agreed to assume the lease for the associated location and to reimburse the seller for the security deposit at final closing. The Company recognized a lease liability and right-of-use (“ROU”) asset of $761 as of the signing date. Refer to Note 4, “Acquisitions,” in the Financial Statements for additional information related to this transaction and to Note 10, “Leases,” for additional information regarding the Company’s leases.

Detroit License

In September 2024, the Company acquired 49% of the member interests of an entity (the “Detroit License Holder”) that received a conditional approval for an adult-use license in Detroit, Michigan (the “Detroit License”). The Detroit License was not associated with active operations as of the closing date and the Detroit License Holder had no other active operations as of that date. The Company anticipates transferring the Detroit License to its existing dispensary in Detroit, Michigan, subject to regulatory approvals. The Company paid $850 of cash consideration at closing and the sellers may receive up to an additional $2,250 based upon the achievement of certain levels of sales during a specified twelve month period following the commencement of adult-use sales at the dispensary. The underlying agreement also provides the Company with an option to acquire the remaining ownership interests in the Detroit License Holder, after such is permissible by applicable regulations, for no additional consideration. The parties also entered into a management services agreement, pursuant to which the Company is providing management and advisory services for a set monthly fee, which is expected to expire upon the Company’s exercise of the option.

The Company determined that the Detroit License Holder is a variable interest entity (“VIE”) and the Company became the primary beneficiary as of the closing date; therefore, the Detroit License Holder is consolidated as a VIE. The total transaction consideration of $1,140 was allocated to the license acquired and consisted of the $850 of cash consideration plus the initial estimated fair value of the contingent consideration of $290. The Company determined the fair value of any noncontrolling interest is de minimis. Refer to Note 4, “Acquisitions,” in the Financial Statements for additional information related to this transaction and to Note 8, “Variable Interest Entities,” for additional information regarding the Company’s VIEs.

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Ohio Patient Access

On August 12, 2022, the Company entered into a definitive agreement (the “Ohio Agreement”) that provides the Company the option to acquire 100% of the equity of Ohio Patient Access LLC (“OPA”), the holder of a license that grants it the right to operate three medical dispensaries in Ohio. The Ohio Agreement remains subject to regulatory review and approval. Once regulatory approval is received, the Company may exercise the option, and the exercise is solely within the Company’s control. The Company anticipates exercising the option prior to the March 22, 2026 amended expiration date. Under the Ohio Agreement, the Company will also acquire the real property of the three dispensary locations. OPA had not yet commenced operations as of the signing date, but subsequently opened two dispensaries in December 2023 and a third in January 2024. The Company determined OPA is a VIE and the Company became the primary beneficiary as of the signing date; therefore, OPA is consolidated as a VIE.

The Ohio Agreement also includes an earn-out provision of $7,300 that is dependent upon the commencement of adult-use cannabis sales in Ohio and which the sellers could elect to receive as either cash or shares of the Company’s Class A common stock, or a combination thereof. The sellers elected to receive the payment in cash and such payment was made in July 2024. The parties amended the Ohio Agreement in June 2024 to incorporate certain provisions regarding evolving regulations in Ohio, including that the Company will, upon final closing of the Ohio Agreement, receive two additional adult-use licenses that are expected to be awarded to OPA. Refer to Note 4, “Acquisitions,” in the Financial Statements for additional information related to this transaction and to Note 8, “Variable Interest Entities,” for additional information regarding the Company’s VIEs.

Illinois Licenses

In August 2022, the Company entered into definitive agreements to acquire two additional licenses in Illinois for combined total cash consideration of $11,100. Operations at one of the locations commenced during the second quarter of 2023 and the final closing occurred in April 2024. Operations at the second location commenced during the fourth quarter of 2023 and final closing occurred in July 2024. Refer to Note 4, “Acquisitions,” in the Financial Statements for additional information related to these transactions.

Variable Interest Entities

January 2024 Loan Agreement

In January 2024, the Company entered into a loan agreement pursuant to which the Company may provide, at its sole discretion, up to $2,500 of financing to a third party (the “January 2024 Loan Agreement”). The January 2024 Loan Agreement contains certain provisions and restrictive covenants that provide the Company with operational and financial influence over the underlying entity and also provides the Company with financial distributions based on the underlying associated results of operations. Additionally, the January 2024 Loan Agreement provides the Company with conversion options to obtain 35% of the equity interests of the borrower upon the initial funding (which occurred in January 2024) and up to an additional 65% of the remaining equity interest of the borrower at any time through October 2033, subject to certain provisions and regulatory approvals. The Company determined that the terms and provisions of the January 2024 Loan Agreement create a variable interest in the third-party entity and met the criteria for consolidation as a VIE as of such date. The third-party entity received a conditional license approval for one dispensary in New Jersey that was determined to have a fair value of $1,050, which approximated the fair value of the non-controlling interest held by the third-party as of the effective date. The net loss attributable to the non-controlling interest was not significant during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024. Since the entity is consolidated as a VIE, the intercompany activity related to the January 2024 Loan Agreement is eliminated in consolidation. Refer to Note 8, “Variable Interest Entities,” in the Financial Statements for additional information regarding this transaction and the Company’s VIEs.

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February 2024 Loan Agreement

In February 2024, the Company entered into a loan agreement pursuant to which the Company may provide financing to a third party at its sole discretion (the “February 2024 Loan Agreement”). The February 2024 Loan Agreement initially provided for up to $3,750 of financing, but was amended in July 2024 to increase the funding amount based on the Company’s sole discretion at such a time that the borrower requests additional funding. The parties also entered into a support services agreement under which the Company will provide management and advisory services for a set monthly fee. The terms of the February 2024 Loan Agreement contain certain provisions and restrictive covenants that provide the Company with operational and financial influence over the underlying entity. The February 2024 Loan Agreement provides the Company with the option to convert the outstanding balance into equity interests of the borrower, up to 100%, as may be permissible by applicable regulations at such time. The Company determined that the terms and provisions of the February 2024 Loan Agreement and support services agreement create a variable interest in the third-party entity and met the criteria for consolidation as a VIE as of such date. The entity held no assets at the time the agreements were entered into and the non-controlling interest was determined to have a de minimis fair value as of that date. Since the entity is consolidated as a VIE, the intercompany activity related to the February 2024 Loan Agreement and the related support services agreement is eliminated in consolidation.

Effective in April 2024, this third party acquired two dispensaries in the greater Chicago, Illinois area (the “Chicago Partner Dispensaries”). The parties entered into interim management services agreements (“MSAs”) pursuant to which the consolidated VIE will advise on certain business, operational, and financial matters for a monthly fee while the parties finalize asset purchase agreements to acquire the underlying dispensaries (the “Illinois MSAs”). The total purchase price of approximately $10,000 of cash consideration is subject to certain closing adjustments. An initial deposit of $1,500 was remitted during the three months ended March 31, 2024. The remainder of $8,500 was remitted to escrow during the three months ended June 30, 2024 and remained in escrow as of September 30, 2024. The asset purchase agreements in respect of the Chicago Partner Dispensaries are subject to regulatory review and approval. Based on the provisions of the Illinois MSAs, the third party obtained operational and financial influence over the dispensaries and therefore recognized the transaction as a business combination as of the April 2024 regulatory approval date of the Illinois MSAs. Refer to Note 4, “Acquisitions,” in the Financial Statements for additional information related to this transaction and Note 8, “Variable Interest Entities,” for additional information regarding the Company’s VIEs.

Operational and Regulation Overview

We believe our operations are in material compliance with all applicable state and local laws, regulations, and licensing requirements in the states in which we operate. However, cannabis is illegal under United States federal law. Substantially all of our revenue is derived from United States cannabis operations. For information about risks related to United States cannabis operations, refer to Item 1A., “Risk Factors,” of the Annual Report.

Key Financial Highlights

•Revenue increased by $379 during the three months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023, primarily driven by incremental revenue from acquisitions and expansion of our cultivation activities, largely offset by declines in certain legacy markets.

•Operating loss of $2,417 during the three months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to operating income of $3,547 during the three months ended September 30, 2023, primarily driven by higher general and administrative expenses largely attributable to certain one time costs, including expenses associated with our debt refinancing and other strategic initiatives.

•Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents of $7,229 during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, primarily driven by payments associated with acquisitions, investments in capital assets, and debt issuance costs, all partially offset by a benefit from the timing and amount of tax payments, including certain tax refunds received, as well as the timing of timing of payments related to working capital activities and the collection of a note receivable.

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 Compared with the Three Months Ended September 30, 2023

						Three Months Ended September 30,
($ in thousands)						2024						2023						Increase / (Decrease)
Revenue, net						$	141,647					$	141,268					$	379		NM*
Cost of goods sold						(97,918)						(97,712)						206			NM*
Gross profit						43,729						43,556						173			NM*
Gross profit %						30.9		%				30.8		%
Operating expenses
General and administrative expenses						46,146						40,009						6,137			15%
Operating (loss) profit						(2,417)						3,547						(5,964)			(168)%
Other (expense) income
Interest expense						(16,481)						(8,963)						7,518			84%
Other, net						409						902						(493)			(55)%
Total other expense						(16,072)						(8,061)						8,011			99%
Loss before income taxes						(18,489)						(4,514)						13,975			310%
Income tax expense						(9,767)						(6,726)						3,041			45%
Net loss						$	(28,256)					$	(11,240)					$	17,016		151%

*Not meaningful

Revenue

Revenue increased by $379 during the three months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. The modest increase was primarily driven by $8,043 of incremental net revenue from our wholesale operations, in large part as a result of expansion across certain markets, particularly in New Jersey and Massachusetts. During the three months ended September 30, 2024, we sold approximately 48,000 pounds of wholesale product, on a gross basis, compared to 40,000 pounds during the three months ended September 30, 2023. Additionally, we recognized $8,708 of incremental revenue from acquisitions, which includes a benefit from store openings in 2024 and late 2023 associated with previously acquired licenses and a benefit from the commencement of non-medical sales in Ohio, as well as a contribution of $1,323 of incremental revenue from partner stores. These increases were partially offset by a decrease of $17,695 across our legacy locations, primarily in Illinois, New Jersey, and Massachusetts due to increased competition in those markets.

Cost of Goods Sold and Gross Profit

Cost of goods sold increased by $206 during the three months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. Cost of goods sold represents direct and indirect expenses attributable to the production of wholesale products as well as direct expenses incurred in purchasing products from other wholesalers. Gross profit for the three months ended September 30, 2024 was $43,729, representing a gross margin of 30.9%, compared to gross profit of $43,556 and gross margin of 30.8% for the three months ended September 30, 2023. Gross margin for the current quarter was impacted by increased competition in certain markets, partially offset by improved utilization at our Massachusetts and New Jersey cultivation facilities and expansion of wholesale sales in those markets, as well as a benefit from the commencement of non-medical sales in Ohio. The current period also benefited from $1,189 of lower write-downs of certain inventory items that were largely driven by pricing pressure in the prior year.

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General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses increased by $6,137, or 15%, during the three months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was primarily driven by:

•$4,546 of higher professional services fees, including expenses associated with our debt refinancing and other projects and strategic initiatives;

•a $2,083 reserve recognized on a long-term receivable;

•a $2,079 increase in compensation expense due to higher average senior leadership headcount associated with the expansion of operations and severance costs associated with strategic streamlining in certain departments;

•a $1,269 increase in depreciation and amortization expense due to $896 of incremental amortization of licenses from prior year acquisitions and $373 of incremental depreciation expense associated with a larger average balance of fixed assets in service; and

•$853 of higher marketing expenses.

These increases were partially offset by $3,493 of lower equity-based compensation expense driven by a reversal of expense associated with the forfeiture of certain awards during the current period as well as the absence of a $1,259 expense related to the write-off of certain previously capitalized construction projects recognized during the prior year period.

Interest Expense

Interest expense increased by $7,518, or 84%, during the three months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023, primarily driven by a $5,475 net loss on extinguishment associated with the prepayment of $215,000 of principal previously outstanding under a credit facility and higher cash interest associated with new term notes (refer to “Liquidity and Capital Resources” for further information). These increases were partially offset by lower non-cash interest accretion due to a lower average balance outstanding under a financing agreement. During the three months ended September 30, 2024, the Company had a weighted-average outstanding debt balance of $325,477 with a weighted-average interest rate of 10.9%, excluding finance leases, compared to a weighted-average debt balance of $316,732 during the three months ended September 30, 2023 with a weighted-average interest rate of 9.6%.

Other, net

Other, net decreased by $493, or 55%, during the three months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023, primarily driven by lower interest income due to the absence of a loan receivable in the current year period.

Income Tax Expense

The Company’s quarterly tax provision is calculated under the discrete method which treats the interim period as if it were the annual period and determines the income tax expense or benefit on that basis. The discrete method is applied when application of the estimated annual effective tax rate is impractical because it is not possible to reliably estimate the annual effective tax rate. The Company believes, at this time, the use of this discrete method is more appropriate than the annual effective tax rate method due to the high degree of uncertainty in estimating annual pre-tax income due to the early growth stage of the business.

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The internal revenue service has taken the position that cannabis companies are subject to the limitations of Internal Revenue Code (“IRC”) Section 280E, under which such companies are only allowed to deduct expenses directly related to the sales of product. This results in permanent differences between ordinary and necessary business expenses deemed non-allowable under IRC Section 280E and those allowed for financial statement reporting purposes (“book-to-tax” differences). Cannabis companies operating in states that align their tax codes with IRC Section 280E are also unable to deduct ordinary and necessary business expenses for state tax purposes. Ordinary and necessary business expenses deemed non-deductible under IRC Section 280E are treated as permanent book-to-tax differences. Therefore, the effective tax rate on income realized by cannabis companies can be highly variable and may not necessarily correlate with pre-tax income or loss. As of September 30, 2024, the Company recorded an uncertain tax liability totaling $126,401 for uncertain tax positions related to the treatment of certain transactions and deductions under IRC Section 280E based on legal interpretations that challenge the Company’s tax liability under IRC Section 280E. The Company has been selected for examination of its amended tax returns filed with these unrecognized tax benefits but does not currently anticipate its unrecognized tax benefits to be resolved in the next twelve months and anticipates that the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits may change within the next twelve months for additional uncertain tax positions taken on a go-forward basis. If favorably resolved, the unrecognized tax benefits would decrease the Company’s effective tax rate.

The statutory federal tax rate was 21% during both periods. During the three months ended September 30, 2024 the Company had operations in seven U.S. geographic markets: Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, Ohio, and Pennsylvania, which have state tax rates ranging from 6% to 11.5%. Certain states, including Illinois, Maryland, Michigan, and New Jersey, do not align with IRC Section 280E for state tax purposes and permit the deduction of ordinary and necessary business expenses from gross profit in the calculation of state taxable income. There have been no material changes to income tax matters in connection with the normal course of our operations during the current year.

Income tax expense was $9,767, or 22.3%, of gross profit, during the three months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to $6,726, or 15.4%, of gross profit, during the three months ended September 30, 2023. The effective tax rate on gross profit for the three months ended September 30, 2024 was impacted by higher penalties and interest due on tax payments and uncertain tax positions and the tax treatment of certain accounting reserves, partially offset by a benefit from an incremental impact attributable to the tax treatment of certain acquired intangible assets. Refer to Note 14, “Income Taxes,” in the Financial Statements for additional information regarding the Company’s income taxes.

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 Compared with the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023

						Nine Months Ended September 30,
($ in thousands)						2024						2023						Increase / (Decrease)
Revenue, net						$	425,593					$	378,432					$	47,161		12%
Cost of goods sold						(288,254)						(270,853)						17,401			6%
Gross profit						137,339						107,579						29,760			28%
Gross profit %						32.3		%				28.4		%
Operating expenses
General and administrative expenses						138,703						111,762						26,941			24%
Operating loss						(1,364)						(4,183)						(2,819)			(67)%
Other (expense) income
Interest expense						(33,554)						(28,419)						5,135			18%
Other, net						1,098						25,211						(24,113)			(96)%
Total other expense						(32,456)						(3,208)						29,248			912%
Loss before income taxes						(33,820)						(7,391)						26,429			358%
Income tax expense						(34,383)						(21,480)						12,903			60%
Net loss						$	(68,203)					$	(28,871)					$	39,332		136%

Revenue

Revenue increased by $47,161, or 12%, during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. Our revenue growth was primarily driven by $39,141 of incremental net revenue from our wholesale operations, in large part as a result of expansion across the markets in which we operate, particularly in New Jersey and Massachusetts. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we sold approximately 141,000 pounds of wholesale product, on a gross basis, compared to 101,000 pounds during the nine months ended September 30, 2023. Additionally, we recognized $39,194 of incremental revenue from acquisitions, including $17,590 from the Devi Maryland acquisition that occurred during the second quarter of 2023. This incremental increase was also driven by new store openings in 2024 and late 2023 associated with previously acquired licenses, including a benefit from the commencement of non-medical sales in Ohio, as well as a contribution of $1,435 of incremental revenue from partner stores. These increases were partially offset by a decrease of $32,609 across our legacy locations, primarily in Illinois and New Jersey due to increased competition in those markets.

Cost of Goods Sold and Gross Profit

Cost of goods sold increased by $17,401, or 6%, during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. Cost of goods sold represents direct and indirect expenses attributable to the production of wholesale products as well as direct expenses incurred in purchasing products from other wholesalers. Gross profit for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was $137,339, representing a gross margin of 32.3%, compared to gross profit of $107,579 and gross margin of 28.4% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. Gross margin for the current period benefited from improved utilization at our Massachusetts and New Jersey cultivation facilities and expansion of wholesale sales in those markets, as well as a benefit from the commencement of non-medical sales in Ohio, partially offset by increased competition in certain markets. The current period also benefited from $10,829 of lower write-downs of certain inventory items that were largely driven by pricing pressure in the prior year.

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General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses increased by $26,941, or 24%, during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was primarily related to:

•a $8,224 increase in total compensation expense due to higher average senior leadership headcount associated with the expansion of operations and severance costs associated with strategic streamlining in certain departments, which was partly offset by a reduction of equity-based compensation expense due to the forfeiture of certain awards in the current period;

•$6,173 of higher professional services fees, including expenses associated with our debt refinancing and other projects and strategic initiatives;

•a $5,447 increase in an estimated reserve related to certain amounts associated with a previous transaction (refer to “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations–Legal Matters–MedMen NY Litigation” for additional information);

•a $4,131 increase in depreciation and amortization expense due to $2,551 of incremental amortization of licenses driven by prior year acquisitions and $1,580 of incremental depreciation expense due to a larger average balance of fixed assets in service;

•a $2,083 reserve and $984 discount recognized on a long-term receivable;

•a $1,723 increase in overhead expenses due to expansion of operations; and

•$728 of higher marketing expenses.

These increases were partially offset by the absence of a $1,804 estimated reserve for a note receivable and the absence of a $1,259 expense related to the write-off of certain previously capitalized construction projects that were recognized during the prior year period.

Interest Expense

Interest expense increased by $5,135, or 18%, during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023, primarily driven by a $5,475 net loss on extinguishment associated with the prepayment of $215,000 of principal previously outstanding under a credit facility and higher cash interest associated with new term notes (refer to “Liquidity and Capital Resources” for further information). These increases were partially offset by lower non-cash interest accretion due to a lower average balance outstanding under a financing agreement. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company had a weighted-average outstanding debt balance of $319,014 with a weighted-average interest rate of 10.9%, excluding finance leases, compared to a weighted-average debt balance of $328,327 during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 with a weighted-average interest rate of 9.8%.

Other, net

Other, net decreased by $24,113 during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023, primarily driven by the absence of a $22,794 employee retention tax credit claim (the “ERTC Claim”) recognized during the prior year period and lower interest income due to the absence of a loan receivable in the current year period.

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Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense was $34,383, or 25.0%, of gross profit, during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to $21,480, or 20.0%, of gross profit, during the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The effective tax rate on gross profit for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was impacted by higher penalties and interest due on tax payments and uncertain tax positions and the tax treatment of certain accounting reserves, which was partially offset by a benefit from an incremental impact attributable to the tax treatment of certain acquired intangible assets. Refer to Note 14, “Income Taxes,” in the Financial Statements for additional information regarding the Company’s income taxes.

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NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES

We define “Adjusted Gross Profit” as gross profit excluding non-cash inventory costs, which include depreciation and amortization included in cost of goods sold, equity-based compensation included in cost of goods sold, start-up costs included in cost of goods sold, and other non-cash inventory adjustments. We define “Adjusted Gross Margin” as Adjusted Gross Profit as a percentage of net revenue. Our “Adjusted EBITDA” is a non-GAAP measure used by management that is not defined by U.S. GAAP and may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. We define “Adjusted EBITDA Margin” as Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of net revenue. Management calculates Adjusted EBITDA as the reported net income or loss, adjusted to exclude: income tax expense, other (income) expense, interest expense, depreciation and amortization, depreciation and amortization included in cost of goods sold, non-cash inventory adjustments, equity-based compensation, equity-based compensation included in cost of goods sold, start-up costs, start-up costs included in cost of goods sold, transaction-related and other non-recurring expenses, and gain or loss on sale of assets. Accordingly, management believes that Adjusted EBITDA provides meaningful and useful financial information, as this measure demonstrates the operating performance of the business. Non-GAAP financial measures may be considered in addition to the results prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, but they should not be considered a substitute for, or superior to, U.S. GAAP results.

The following table presents Adjusted Gross Profit for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:

			Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
($ in thousands)			2024						2023						2024						2023
Gross Profit			$	43,729					$	43,556					$	137,339					$	107,579
Depreciation and amortization included in cost of goods sold			7,864						7,435						22,631						22,265
Equity-based compensation included in cost of goods sold			230						2,476						6,777						4,457
Start-up costs included in cost of goods sold(1)			—						—						—						1,570
Non-cash inventory adjustments(2)			1,749						2,938						2,223						13,052
Adjusted Gross Profit			$	53,572					$	56,405					$	168,970					$	148,923
Adjusted Gross Margin			37.8		%				39.9		%				39.7		%				39.4		%

(1)Incremental expenses associated with the expansion of activities at our cultivation facilities that are not yet operating at scale, including excess overhead expenses resulting from delays in regulatory approvals at certain cultivation facilities.

(2)Consists of write-offs of expired products, obsolete packaging, and net realizable value adjustments related to certain inventory items.

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The following table presents Adjusted EBITDA for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:

			Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
($ in thousands)			2024						2023						2024						2023
Net loss			$	(28,256)					$	(11,240)					$	(68,203)					$	(28,871)
Income tax expense			9,767						6,726						34,383						21,480
Other, net			(409)						(902)						(1,098)						(25,211)
Interest expense			16,481						8,963						33,554						28,419
Depreciation and amortization			16,628						14,930						48,689						44,192
Non-cash inventory adjustments(1)			1,749						2,938						2,223						13,052
Equity-based compensation			(129)						5,610						16,066						12,744
Start-up costs(2)			884						504						2,329						3,309
Transaction-related and other non-recurring expenses(3)			8,402						1,996						18,006						5,269
Gain on sale of assets			—						—						(11)						(226)
Adjusted EBITDA			$	25,117					$	29,525					$	85,938					$	74,157
Adjusted EBITDA Margin			17.7		%				20.9		%				20.2		%				19.6		%

(1)Consists of write-offs of expired products, obsolete packaging, and net realizable value adjustments related to certain inventory items.

(2)One-time costs associated with acquiring real estate, obtaining licenses and permits, and other costs incurred before commencement of operations at certain locations, as well as incremental expenses associated with the expansion of activities at our cultivation facilities that are not yet operating at scale, including excess overhead expenses resulting from delays in regulatory approvals at certain cultivation facilities. Also includes other one-time or non-recurring expenses, as applicable.

(3)Legal and professional fees associated with litigation matters, potential acquisitions, other regulatory matters, and other non-recurring expenses. The three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 each include a reserve of $2,083 associated with a noncurrent receivable and approximately $3,600 of expenses associated with our debt refinancing. The nine months ended September 30, 2024 includes: a reserve of $5,447 related to certain amounts associated with a previous transaction, $984 recognized as a discount on a noncurrent receivable, and a fair value adjustment related to an acquisition earn-out of $630. The three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 include a fair value adjustment related to an acquisition earn-out of $606 and $1,594, respectively, and the nine months ended September 30, 2023 includes a $1,804 reserve on a note receivable.

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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

We are an emerging growth company and our primary sources of liquidity are operating cash flows, borrowings through the issuance of debt, and funds raised through the issuance of equity securities. We are generating cash from sales and deploying our capital reserves to acquire and develop assets capable of producing additional revenue and earnings over both the immediate and long term. Capital reserves are being utilized for acquisitions in the medical and adult-use cannabis markets, for capital expenditures and improvements in existing facilities, product development and marketing, as well as customer, supplier, and investor and industry relations.

Financing History and Future Capital Requirements

Historically, we have used private financing as a source of liquidity for short-term working capital needs and general corporate purposes. In May 2021, we completed an initial public offering of shares of our Class A common stock through which we raised aggregate net proceeds of approximately $86,065, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and certain direct offering expenses paid by us, and in August 2021 we entered into a credit facility under which we initially borrowed a $210,000 term loan. During the second quarter of 2022, we borrowed an additional $65,000 of term loans from certain lenders under the expansion feature of the credit facility, as further described below. Additionally, during the second quarter of 2023, we raised an aggregate of $7,000 in gross proceeds through a non-brokered private placement offering of an aggregate of 9,859 shares of the Company’s Class A common stock to a single investor. Most recently, in July 2024 we issued term notes in aggregate principal of $235,000, which proceeds were used, together with cash on hand, to prepay a portion of our other term loans then-outstanding, as discussed further below.

Our future ability to fund operations, to make planned capital expenditures, to acquire other entities or investments, to make scheduled debt payments, and to repay or refinance indebtedness depends on our future operating performance, cash flows, and ability to obtain equity or debt financing, which are subject to prevailing economic conditions, as well as financial, business, and other factors, some of which are beyond our control.

As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had total current liabilities of $145,129 and $92,686, respectively, and total current assets of $213,578 and $228,860, respectively, which includes cash and cash equivalents of $65,279 and $72,508, respectively, to meet our current obligations. As of September 30, 2024, we had working capital of $68,449, compared to $136,174 as of December 31, 2023.

Approximately 90% of our cash and cash equivalents balance as of each of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 is on deposit with banks, credit unions, or other financial institutions. We have not experienced any material impacts related to banking restrictions applicable to cannabis businesses. Our cash and cash equivalents balance is not restricted for use by VIEs.

As reflected in the Financial Statements, we had an accumulated deficit as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, as well as a net loss for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, which are indicators that raise substantial doubt of our ability to continue as a going concern. Management believes that substantial doubt of our ability to continue as a going concern for at least one year from the issuance of our Financial Statements has been alleviated due to: (i) cash on hand and (ii) continued growth of sales from our consolidated operations. Management plans to continue to access capital markets for additional funding through debt and/or equity financings to supplement future cash needs, as may be required. However, management cannot provide any assurances that the Company will be successful in accomplishing its business plans. If we are unable to raise additional capital on favorable terms, if at all, whenever necessary, we may be forced to decelerate or curtail certain of our operations until such time as additional capital becomes available.

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2024 Notes Offering

On July 16, 2024, the Company issued $235,000 in aggregate principal of senior secured notes due July 16, 2029 (the “2024 Term Notes”) through a private placement (the “2024 Notes Offering”) pursuant to an indenture agreement (the “July 2024 Loan Agreement”). The 2024 Term Notes were issued at 94.75% of face value and do not require scheduled principal amortization payments. The 2024 Term Notes bear interest at a rate of 12.75% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on January 15 and July 15 of each year until the maturity date, commencing on January 15, 2025, unless earlier prepaid in accordance with the terms of the July 2024 Loan Agreement. The total of the original issue discount and other capitalized direct financing fees was approximately $21,200 and will be amortized over the associated term using the straight-line method, which approximates the interest method. The Company utilized the proceeds from the 2024 Notes Offering, along with cash on hand, to prepay $215,000 of borrowings outstanding under the 2021 Credit Facility, as further described below. The 2024 Term Notes were funded by a combination of new and existing lenders. Borrowings from these existing lenders were accounted for as a modification of existing debt. The Company incurred approximately $3,600 of other expenses associated with this transaction that are included within “General and administrative expenses” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations in the Financial Statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024.

The 2024 Term Notes are irrevocably and unconditionally guaranteed, jointly and severally, on a senior secured basis by certain of the Company’s subsidiaries (the “Guarantees”). The 2024 Term Notes and the Guarantees are (i) secured, on a first lien basis, by substantially all assets of the Company and the guarantors of the 2024 Term Notes, subject to certain carveouts, and (ii) issued and governed by the July 2024 Loan Agreement. In addition, subject to certain limitations, the July 2024 Loan Agreement permits the Company to issue additional notes thereunder, including up to an additional $60,000 in aggregate principal in the future, with the proceeds therefrom to be used to prepay the remaining outstanding balance under, and to terminate, the 2021 Credit Facility.

The Company may, at any time and from time to time upon not less than 15 nor more than 60 days’ prior notice, prepay the 2024 Term Notes, along with accrued and unpaid interest, subject to a prepayment premium equal to: zero through July 15, 2026, 4.5% if paid between July 16, 2026 through July 15, 2027, 3.0% if paid between July 16, 2027 through July 15, 2028, and zero if paid July 16, 2028 and thereafter. The July 2024 Loan Agreement requires mandatory prepayments from proceeds of certain events. In the event of a change of control, as provided in the July 2024 Loan Agreement, the Company will be required to make an offer to each holder of the 2024 Term Notes to repay all or any part of such holders’ 2024 Term Notes at a price in cash equal to not less than 101% of the aggregate principal amount of such 2024 Term Notes repaid, plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon.

Pursuant to the July 2024 Loan Agreement, the Company has agreed to comply with certain customary covenants, including, but not limited to, restrictions on the Company’s ability to: declare or pay dividends or make certain other payments; purchase, redeem, or otherwise purchase or retire for value any equity interests or any subordinated indebtedness or otherwise make any restricted investment or restricted payment; incur certain indebtedness; create certain liens; consolidate, amalgamate, merge, or transfer all or substantially all of the assets of the Company and certain restricted subsidiaries taken as a whole; enter into certain transactions with affiliates; and engage in certain types of businesses. Additionally, the July 2024 Loan Agreement provides for customary events of default which, if certain of them occur, would permit certain parties, including holders of not less than 25% in aggregate principal of the then-outstanding 2024 Term Notes to declare the principal of, and interest or premium, if any, and any other monetary obligations on, all the then-outstanding 2024 Term Notes to be due and payable immediately. The July 2024 Loan Agreement also requires the Company, on a consolidated basis, to maintain liquidity, consisting of cash and/or cash equivalents plus any future revolving credit availability, at all times in an aggregate amount of at least $20,000, with which the Company was in compliance as of September 30, 2024. The Company is required to comply with certain other financial covenants in contemplation of certain transactions or events, such as acquisitions and other financing activities, as defined within and provided for under the July 2024 Loan Agreement.

Refer to Note 11, “Debt,” in the Financial Statements for additional information regarding the Company’s debt transactions.

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Credit Facility

In August 2021, we entered into a credit agreement with a group of lenders (the “2021 Credit Agreement”) that provided for an initial term loan of $210,000, which was borrowed in full. The 2021 Credit Agreement provided for an expansion feature that allowed us to request an increase in the term loan outstanding up to $275,000 if the existing lenders (or other lenders) agreed to provide such additional term loans. During the second quarter of 2022, we borrowed an additional $65,000 of incremental term loans through this expansion feature (the “2022 Loans” and, together with the initial term loan, the “2021 Credit Facility”) for total borrowings of $275,000. The 2021 Credit Facility matures on August 27, 2025 and does not require scheduled principal amortization payments. Borrowings under the 2021 Credit Facility bear interest at a rate of 9.5% per annum, payable quarterly. The proceeds from the initial term loan under the 2021 Credit Facility were used, in part, to prepay certain then-outstanding debt obligations and, together with the 2022 Loans, fund working capital and general corporate matters, including, but not limited to, growth investments, acquisitions, capital expenditures, and other strategic initiatives.

Mandatory prepayments are required following certain events, including the proceeds of indebtedness that is not permitted under the agreement, asset sales, and casualty events, subject to customary reinvestment rights. We may prepay the 2021 Credit Facility at any time, subject to a customary make-whole payment or prepayment penalty, as applicable. Once repaid, amounts borrowed under the 2021 Credit Facility may not be re-borrowed. We may request an extension of the maturity date for 364 days, which the lenders may grant at their discretion.

In April 2024, the 2021 Credit Agreement was amended to permit the Company to initiate, from time to time and at its discretion, a “Dutch Auction” pursuant to which it may issue a tender offer to existing lenders to re-purchase and retire their loans at a specified discount to par. No such re-purchase has occurred as of the date of filing of this Form 10-Q. In June 2024, the 2021 Credit Agreement was amended to, among other things, permit the Company to issue new senior secured notes.

In June 2024, the 2021 Credit Agreement was amended to, among other things, permit the Company to issue new senior secured notes. In July 2024, the Company prepaid $215,000 of borrowings outstanding under the 2021 Credit Facility, primarily utilizing the proceeds from the issuance of the 2024 Term Notes, discussed above. The remaining $60,000 of borrowings outstanding under the 2021 Credit Facility will remain outstanding based on the original terms of the 2021 Credit Agreement. The Company recognized, as a component of interest expense, a loss on extinguishment of $5,475, which includes $3,527 of prepayment fees and the write-off of $1,948 of unamortized deferred financing costs that were attributable to those lenders who did not provide funding under the new notes. A total of $1,579 of prepayment fees and $1,428 of previously unamortized deferred financing costs that were associated with existing lenders who participated in the new notes will remain capitalized and will be deferred over the term of the new notes in accordance with modification treatment. The total prepayment fee is included within “Debt issuance costs” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows in the Financial Statements for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. A total of $943 of unamortized deferred financing costs were associated with the portion of the 2021 Credit Facility that was not prepaid and will be amortized through the remaining term of those loans.

We are required to comply with two financial covenants under the 2021 Credit Agreement. Liquidity (defined as unrestricted cash and cash equivalents pledged under the 2021 Credit Facility plus any future revolving credit availability) may not be below $20,000 as of the last day of any fiscal quarter, and we may not permit the ratio of Consolidated EBITDA (as defined in the 2021 Credit Agreement) to consolidated cash interest expense for any period of four consecutive fiscal quarters to be less than 2.50:1.00. The Company has a customary equity cure right for each of these financial covenants. The Company was in compliance with these covenants as of September 30, 2024. Refer to Note 11, “Debt,” in the Financial Statements for additional information regarding the Company’s debt transactions.

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Financing Agreement

In December 2022, we received $19,364 pursuant to a financing agreement with a third-party lender (the “Financing Agreement”). The Company assigned to the lender its interests in the ERTC Claim that it submitted in November 2022 totaling approximately $22,794. If the Company does not receive the ERTC Claim, in whole or in part, the Company is required to repay the related portion of the funds received plus interest of 10% accrued from the date of the Financing Agreement through the repayment date. The Financing Agreement does not have a stated maturity date and the discount is being accreted to interest expense over an expected term. The Company’s obligations under the Financing Agreement will be satisfied upon receipt of the ERTC Claim, in full, or other full repayment. The total claim amount of $22,794 was recognized as a component of “Other, net” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations in the Financial Statements during the nine months ended September 30, 2023. A total of $1,964 of the ERTC Claim remains outstanding as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, which receivable is included in “Other current assets” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets in the Financial Statements, and the balance outstanding under the Financing Agreement is included in “Current portion of debt, net.” Refer to Note 11, “Debt,” in the Financial Statements for additional information.

Cash Flows

			Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)			2024						2023
Net cash provided by operating activities			$	38,126					$	58,666
Net cash used in investing activities			(30,004)						(51,736)
Net cash used in financing activities			(15,351)						(17,155)

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities decreased by $20,540 during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023, primarily driven by an impact from the timing of payments to suppliers and vendors and other working capital payments, including the payment of approximately $2,800 of expenses associated with our debt refinancing that are not capitalizable and $2,458 of fair value accretion associated with the payment of contingent consideration related to a prior acquisition. The nine months ended September 30, 2024 includes income tax refunds totaling approximately $17,800. Comparatively, the nine months ended September 30, 2023 includes the recognition of the $22,794 ERTC Claim, of which $20,830 was received during that period.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities decreased by $21,732 during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023, primarily due to lower payments associated with acquisitions and lower net investments in notes receivable, partially offset by the absence of proceeds from the sale of assets and higher capital expenditures.

Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities decreased by $1,804 during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The current period reflects the utilization of proceeds from the issuance of the 2024 Term Notes to partially prepay amounts outstanding under the 2021 Credit Facility and related financing costs. Additionally, the current period was impacted by the payment of contingent consideration associated with a prior acquisition and higher cash remittances of taxes withheld under equity-based compensation plans, as well as the absence of proceeds received from the issuance of common stock in the prior year period.

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Contractual Obligations and Other Commitments and Contingencies

Material contractual obligations arising in the normal course of business primarily consist of long-term fixed rate debt and related interest payments, leases, finance arrangements, and amounts due for acquisitions. We believe that cash flows from operations will be sufficient to satisfy our capital expenditures, debt services, working capital needs, and other contractual obligations for the next twelve months.

The following table summarizes the Company’s material future contractual obligations as of September 30, 2024:

(in thousands)						Commitments Due by Period
Contractual Obligations						Total						Remainder of 2024						2025 - 2026						2027 - 2028						Thereafter
Term notes(1)						$	295,000					$	—					$	60,000					$	—					$	235,000
Fixed interest related to term notes(2)						155,066						1,437						63,576						60,008						30,045
Sellers’ notes(3)						12,310						1,250						11,060						—						—
Finance arrangements(4)						17,900						623						5,124						5,431						6,722
Operating leases(5)						676,831						10,586						86,852						90,726						488,667
Finance leases(5)						1,541						173						1,265						103						—
Total						$	1,158,648					$	14,069					$	227,877					$	156,268					$	760,434

(1)Principal payments due under our term notes payable. Refer to Note 11, “Debt,” in the Financial Statements for additional information.

(2)Represents fixed interest rate payments on borrowings under our term notes payable based on the principal outstanding as of September 30, 2024. Interest payments could fluctuate based on prepayments or additional amounts borrowed.

(3)Consists of amounts owed for acquisitions or other purchases. Certain cash payments include an interest accretion component, and the timing of certain payments may vary based on regulatory approval. Refer to Note 11, “Debt,” in the Financial Statements for additional information.

(4)Reflects our contractual obligations to make future payments under non-cancelable operating leases that did not meet the criteria to qualify for sale leaseback treatment. Refer to Note 10, “Leases,” in the Financial Statements for additional information.

(5)Reflects our contractual obligations to make future payments under non-cancelable leases. Refer to Note 10, “Leases,” in the Financial Statements for additional information.

The table above excludes up to a total of $10,000 that we expect to fund under a research collaboration agreement associated with a prior acquisition. This funding will be based on a percentage of annual revenue through April 2031, unless satisfied earlier, and no related funding has occurred to date.

As of the date of this filing, we do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined by applicable regulations of the SEC, that have, or are reasonably likely to have, a material current or future effect on the results of our operations or financial condition, including, and without limitation, such considerations as liquidity and capital resources.

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Capital Expenditures

We anticipate capital expenditures, net of tenant improvement allowances, of approximately $10,000 to $15,000 during the remainder of 2024 related to certain expansion projects across our retail operations and at our cultivation facilities, in addition to other enhancements and general maintenance activities across our portfolio. Changes to this estimate could result from the timing of various project start dates, which are subject to local and regulatory approvals, as well as capital allocation considerations. Spending at our cultivation and processing facilities includes: construction; purchase of capital equipment such as extraction equipment, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning equipment, and other manufacturing equipment; general maintenance; and information technology capital expenditures. Dispensary-related capital expenditures includes construction costs for the initial build-out of each location, general maintenance costs, and upgrades to existing locations. Management expects to fund capital expenditures primarily by utilizing cash flows from operations.

As of September 30, 2024, our construction in progress (“CIP”) balance was $3,329 and relates to capital spending on projects that were not yet complete. This balance includes amounts related to certain expansion projects at our Massachusetts, Illinois, and New Jersey cultivation facilities and other projects across our dispensaries and cultivation facilities.

Other Matters

Equity Incentive Plans

The Company’s current stock incentive plan, as amended, (the “Amended 2021 Plan”), authorizes the issuance of options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units (“RSUs”), and other stock-based awards (collectively the “2021 Plan Awards”). The Amended 2021 Plan provides for a maximum number of shares of Class A common stock available for issuance to not exceed 10% of the total number of issued and outstanding shares of Class A common stock, on a non-diluted basis, as constituted on the grant date of a plan award. As of September 30, 2024, there were 10,729 shares of Class A common stock available for grant for future awards under the Amended 2021 Plan.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company granted a total of 12,110 RSUs under the Amended 2021 Plan and a total of 7,359 granted are unvested as of September 30, 2024. Total unrecognized compensation cost related to the RSUs was $8,154 as of September 30, 2024, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average remaining period of 2.8 years.

As of September 30, 2024, a total of 3,346 stock option awards are outstanding under the Amended 2021 Plan, of which 2,212 are exercisable. No options were granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and a total of 206 were exercised. As of September 30, 2024, the outstanding options have a remaining weighted-average contractual life of 3.2 years and total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested options was $742, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average remaining period of 2.0 years.

During the three months ended September 30, 2024 the Company recognized a net benefit of $359 from the forfeiture of certain unvested awards within “General and administrative expenses” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations in the Financial Statements and recognized $230 of expense within “Cost of goods sold.” During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company recognized $9,289 of expense within “General and administrative expenses” and $6,777 within “Cost of goods sold.” During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recognized $3,134 and $8,287, respectively, of expense within “General and administrative expenses” and recognized $2,476 and $4,457, respectively, within “Cost of goods sold.”

In July 2021, the Company adopted an employee stock purchase plan (the “2021 ESPP”), pursuant to which 4,000 shares of Class A common stock are reserved for issuance thereunder, subject to certain adjustments and other terms. As of September 30, 2024, no shares have been issued under the 2021 ESPP.

Refer to Note 13, “Equity-Based Compensation Expense,” in the Financial Statements for additional information regarding the Company’s equity awards and equity-based compensation expense.

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Lease-Related Transactions

Refer to Note 10, “Leases,” in the Financial Statements for information regarding the Company’s leases and lease-related transactions.

Loan Receivable

In June 2023, the Company purchased, at par, $12,027 of the principal of a loan (the “Maryland Loan Receivable”), outstanding pursuant to a loan agreement with a cannabis license holder in Maryland (the “Maryland Loan Agreement”), plus the associated interest receivable. The Maryland Loan Agreement had an original maturity date of August 1, 2026, required monthly repayments equal to 10.0% of the outstanding balance (including paid-in-kind interest), and could be prepaid subject to a customary make-whole payment or prepayment penalty, as applicable. Mandatory prepayments were required from the proceeds of certain events. The Maryland Loan Agreement provided for a base interest rate of 12.0% plus LIBOR (LIBOR floor of 1.0%) and a paid-in-kind interest rate of 4.5%. Following the replacement of LIBOR, effective July 1, 2023, the LIBOR component of the interest rate transitioned to the secured overnight financing rate (“SOFR”) plus an alternative reference rate committee (“ARRC”) standard adjustment.

The Company recorded the Maryland Loan Receivable at an amortized cost basis of $12,622. A total of $595 of transaction-related expenses were capitalized as part of the amortized cost basis and were being amortized to interest income over the term. The Company identified certain events of default and covenant violations, including non-payment, and provided an acceleration notice during the second quarter of 2023 that declared all amounts due and payable. As such, during the year ended December 31, 2023 the Company established a reserve of $1,804 for potential collectability.

In March 2024, the borrower refinanced the borrowings underlying the Maryland Loan Agreement with a third-party lender (the “Maryland Refinancing”). In conjunction with the Maryland Refinancing, the borrower’s obligations to the Company under the Maryland Loan Agreement were settled. As part of this settlement, the Company received a cash payment of $8,100. Additionally, the parties entered into a supply agreement that provides for the Company to receive $6,000 of inventory products from the borrower, based on market prices, over the course of three years, with a maximum of $500 per quarter. The Company recorded this receivable net of an initial discount of $984 that is included within “General and administrative expenses” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations in the Financial Statements for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and within “Other” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. This discount was calculated utilizing the Company’s estimated incremental borrowing rate as of the agreement date and will be accreted to interest income over the agreement term. The total settlement value, excluding the discount, approximated the obligations outstanding under the Maryland Loan Receivable, including $2,859 of past due interest that was outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and was included within “Other current assets” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of that date.

A total of $500 of inventory was supplied under this agreement during the nine months ended September 30, 2024. During the three months ended September 30, 2024, the Company established a reserve of $2,083 on the remaining receivable due to collection risk. This reserve was recognized within “General and administrative expenses” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and within “Other” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. As of September 30, 2024, $1,000 of the remaining receivable is included within “Other current assets” and $1,543 is included within “Other noncurrent assets” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet, which balances are net of $1,000 and $1,083, respectively, associated with this reserve.

Refer to Note 6, “Notes Receivable,” in the Financial Statements for additional information regarding the Maryland Loan Receivable and the Company’s other notes receivable.

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Legal Matters

MedMen NY Litigation

On February 25, 2021, the Company entered into a definitive investment agreement (the “Investment Agreement”) with subsidiaries of MedMen Enterprises Inc. (“MedMen”), under which we would have, subject to regulatory approval, completed an investment (the “Investment”) of approximately $73,000 in MedMen NY, Inc. (“MMNY”), a licensed medical cannabis operator in the state of New York. Following the completion of the transactions contemplated by the Investment Agreement, we were expected to hold all the outstanding equity of MMNY. Specifically, the Investment Agreement provided that at closing, the Company was going to pay to MedMen’s senior lenders $35,000, less certain transaction costs and a prepaid deposit of $4,000, and AWH New York, LLC was going to issue a senior secured promissory note in favor of MMNY’s senior secured lender in the principal amount of $28,000, guaranteed by AWH, which cash investment and note would be used to reduce the amounts owed to MMNY’s senior secured lender. Following its investment, AWH would hold a controlling interest in MMNY equal to approximately 86.7% of the equity in MMNY, and be provided with an option to acquire MedMen’s remaining interest in MMNY in the future for a nominal additional payment, which option the Company intended to exercise. The Investment Agreement also required AWH to make an additional investment of $10,000 in MMNY, which investment would also be used to repay MMNY’s senior secured lender, if adult-use cannabis sales commenced in MMNY’s dispensaries.

The Company contends that, in December 2021, the parties to the Investment Agreement received the required approvals from the State of New York to close the transactions contemplated by the Investment Agreement, but MedMen has disputed the adequacy of the approvals provided by the State of New York. The Company delivered notice to MedMen in December 2021 that it wished to close the transactions as required by the Investment Agreement. Nevertheless, MedMen, on January 2, 2022, gave notice to the Company that MedMen purported to terminate the Investment Agreement.

Following receipt of such notice, on January 13, 2022, the Company filed a complaint against MedMen and others in the Commercial Division of the Supreme Court of the State of New York (the “Court”), requesting specific performance that the transactions contemplated by the Investment Agreement must move forward, and such other relief as the Court may deem appropriate. The Company simultaneously moved for a temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction (the “Motion”) requiring MedMen to operate its New York business in the ordinary course of business and to refrain from any activities or transactions that might impair, encumber, or dissipate MedMen’s New York assets. The parties resolved the Motion via a “Stipulation and Order” entered by the Court on January 21, 2022 that required that MMNY operate only in compliance with the law and in a manner consistent with its ordinary course of business that preserved all assets of MMNY. It further required MMNY to not take certain actions, including any actions that would have a material adverse effect on MedMen’s New York business. On March 27, 2023, the parties entered a further stipulation that modified the January 21, 2022 Stipulation and Order by lifting the Court’s prohibition against a sale or transfer of MMNY or its assets, without waiver of any claims that the Company might have in the event of such a transaction. That further stipulation modifying the January 21, 2022 Stipulation and Order was entered by the Court on August 1, 2023.

On January 24, 2022, MedMen filed counterclaims against the Company, alleging that Ascend had breached the Investment Agreement, and seeking declaratory relief that MedMen had properly terminated the Investment Agreement. On February 14, 2022, the Company moved to dismiss MedMen’s counterclaims and filed an amended complaint (the “First Amended Complaint”) that included additional claims against MedMen for breach of contract. The First Amended Complaint contained several causes of action, including for breach of contract and breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing. The First Amended Complaint sought damages in addition to continuing to seek injunctive and declaratory relief. On March 7, 2022, MedMen filed amended counterclaims, an answer, and affirmative defenses to the First Amended Complaint. On March 28, 2022, the Company moved to dismiss MedMen’s amended counterclaims. On April 20, 2022, the parties entered into a stipulation extending the

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time for MedMen to oppose the Company’s motion to dismiss until May 5, 2022. In addition, the parties agreed to stay all discovery, including both party and non-party discovery. On May 5, 2022, the parties filed another stipulation order with the Court adjourning until further notice from the Court MedMen’s time to oppose the Company’s motion to dismiss MedMen’s amended counterclaims. The parties again stipulated that all discovery remains stayed pending further order from the Court.

On May 10, 2022, the Company and MedMen signed a term sheet (the “Term Sheet”), pursuant to which the parties agreed to use best efforts to enter into a settlement agreement and enter into new or amended transactional documents. Specifically, if consummated, the agreements contemplated by the Term Sheet would have entailed, among other things, the Company paying MedMen $15,000 in additional transaction consideration, and MedMen withdrawing its counterclaims against the Company. Per the amended transaction terms contemplated in the Term Sheet, upon closing, the Company would have received a 99.99% controlling interest in MMNY and the Company would have paid MedMen $74,000, which reflected the original transaction consideration plus an additional $11,000 per the parties’ Term Sheet, less a $4,000 deposit that the Company already paid.

The amended transaction terms contemplated in the Term Sheet also would have required MedMen to provide a representation and warranty that the status of the MMNY assets had not materially changed since December 31, 2021 and an acknowledgement that the representations and warranties from the Investment Agreement would survive for three months after the closing of the contemplated transactions. However, after the Company determined that MedMen could not make or provide the representations and warranties that MedMen would have been required to make as part of the contemplated transactions, the Company determined that it no longer intended to consummate the contemplated transactions.

On September 30, 2022, the Company sought leave from the Court to file a second amended complaint (the “Second Amended Complaint”). The Second Amended Complaint contains breach of contract claims against MedMen, as well as a claim for the breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and a claim for anticipatory breach of contract. In connection with those claims, the Company is no longer seeking injunctive or declaratory relief; however, the Company continues to seek damages from MedMen, including, but not limited to, the return of the $4,000 deposit, approximately $2,400 of advances pursuant to a working capital loan agreement (as described in Note 6, “Notes Receivable”) and other capital expenditure advances paid to MMNY by the Company.

On November 21, 2022, the parties entered into a stipulation whereby MedMen agreed to the filing of the Second Amended Complaint, which is now the Company’s operative pleading in the litigation. In addition, in the stipulation, the Company agreed that it would not contest MedMen’s filing of second amended counterclaims against the Company while reserving all rights with respect to any such counterclaims. Because the parties agreed to the filing of each side’s amended pleadings, on November 28, 2022, the Court determined that Ascend’s March 2022 motion to dismiss was moot.

On December 21, 2022, MedMen filed its second amended counterclaims, an answer, and affirmative defenses to the Company’s Second Amended Complaint. In addition to the allegations in MedMen’s earlier pleadings, MedMen now also alleged that the Company breached the Term Sheet. On January 20, 2023, the Company moved to dismiss MedMen’s second amended counterclaims.

On August 18, 2023, the Court issued a Decision and Order on the Company’s motion to dismiss, dismissing seven of MedMen’s ten counterclaims, including each of the counterclaims brought by MedMen relating to the Term Sheet. On September 26, 2023, MedMen filed a motion seeking leave to file its third amended counterclaims, in which MedMen seeks to revive its previously dismissed counterclaims relating to the Term Sheet. On October 24, 2023, the Company filed an opposition to that motion for leave. As further discussed below, the Court denied that motion on February 2, 2024. In addition, on October 18, 2023, MedMen filed a Notice of Appeal of the Court’s August 18, 2023 Decision and Order with respect to the dismissal of MedMen’s three counterclaims relating to the Term Sheet. On November 1, 2023 the Company filed a Notice of Cross-Appeal with respect to the Court’s determination that the Company’s motion to dismiss was not subject to New York’s anti-SLAPP statute. Both parties have yet to perfect the appeals.

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On February 2, 2024, the Court issued a Decision and Order denying MedMen’s motion for leave to file its third amended counterclaims.

On February 21, 2024, the current counsel-of-record for MedMen filed an order to show cause with the Court seeking leave to withdraw as counsel and stay proceedings for thirty days to permit MedMen time to obtain new counsel. On March 20, 2024, the Court granted such withdrawal motion and appointed April 25, 2024 as the deadline for MedMen to obtain new counsel, which, as of the date of filing of this Form 10-Q, had not occurred.

On April 26, 2024, MedMen announced that it made an assignment into bankruptcy pursuant to Canada’s Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act on April 24, 2024 and B. Riley Farber Inc. was appointed as its bankruptcy trustee. In addition, MedMen announced that MedMen’s wholly owned subsidiary, MM CAN USA, Inc., a California corporation, was placed into receivership in the Los Angeles Superior Court, Santa Monica Division on April 23, 2024 to effectuate an orderly dissolution and liquidation of its California-based assets. MedMen further announced that it intends to initiate additional receivership proceedings in those U.S. states where MM CAN USA, Inc. controls or owns assets, through which the operations and assets of MedMen’s subsidiaries will be dissolved or liquidated pursuant to applicable laws in the United States. On May 21, 2024, the Los Angeles Superior Court issued an order confirming the appointment a receiver for MM CAN USA, Inc. The receiver has submitted monthly reports to the Los Angeles Superior Court estimating that the liabilities of MedMen’s subsidiaries likely significantly exceed the estimated liquidated value of MedMen's subsidiaries and their respective assets, and such reports indicate that efforts to dissolve, liquidate, or abandon such assets are ongoing.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, following the Company’s decision to no longer consummate the contemplated transactions, the Company established an estimated reserve of $3,700 related to the amounts that it has been actively pursuing collecting. The estimated reserve as of December 31, 2023 is included within “Other current assets” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet in the Financial Statements. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company increased the estimated reserve by $5,447, which is included within “General and administrative expenses” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and within “Other” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The total reserve as of September 30, 2024 is reflective of all outstanding balances and of which $2,422 is included within “Notes receivable” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet, $6,695 is included within “Other current assets,” and the remainder is included within “Other noncurrent assets.”

Other Matter

In April 2021, the Company, through a subsidiary, entered into a settlement agreement with TVP, LLC, TVP Grand Rapids, LLC and, TVP Alma, LLC (collectively, the “TVP Parties”) regarding a dispute related to a purchase agreement for the Company’s potential acquisition of certain real estate properties in Michigan. As part of that settlement, the Company issued historical equity units to the TVP Parties to be held in the name of an escrow agent (the “Escrow Units”). The Escrow Units were fully issued and outstanding as of the settlement date and were to remain in the escrow account until such time as the TVP Parties exercised an option to hold the Escrow Units directly (the “Put Option”), which could be exercised for three years. In February 2024, the TVP Parties notified the Company that they were exercising the Put Option and the transfer was completed in May 2024, at which time the Escrow Units were released to the TVP Parties and the TVP Parties transferred to the Company the equity interests of the entities that hold three real estate properties. The underlying properties were determined to have a total fair value of $5,400 as of the settlement date, which was included within “Other noncurrent assets” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet in the Financial Statements as of December 31, 2023 and was reclassified to “Property and equipment, net” as of the transfer date. Prior to the completion of the transfer, the Company operated dispensaries at these locations pursuant to lease agreements, which operations will continue at the now-owned properties.

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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

Our accompanying Financial Statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which requires us to make certain estimates in the application of our accounting policies based on the best assumptions, judgments, and opinions of our management. The Company’s significant accounting policies are described in Note 2, “Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies,” in the Financial Statements. For a description of our critical accounting policies, see Item 7., “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” in our Annual Report. There have been no significant changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates, except as disclosed in Note 2, “Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies,” in the Financial Statements.

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards and Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

For information about recently issued accounting standards that have not yet been adopted, see Note 2, “Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies,” to the Financial Statements.

The Company is an emerging growth company under federal securities laws and as such we are able to elect to follow scaled disclosure requirements for this filing, including an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards applicable to public companies.

REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT: ISSUERS WITH UNITED STATES CANNABIS-RELATED ASSETS

In accordance with the Canadian Securities Administration Staff Notice 51-352, information regarding the current federal and state-level United States regulatory regimes in those jurisdictions where we are currently directly and indirectly involved in the cannabis industry, through our subsidiaries and investments, is incorporated by reference from subsections “Overview of Government Regulation,” “Compliance with Applicable State Laws in the United States,” and “State Regulation of Cannabis,” under Item 1., “Business,” of the Company’s Annual Report, as filed with the SEC and with the relevant Canadian securities regulatory authorities under its profile on SEDAR+.

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.

We are exposed in varying degrees to various market risks, including changes in interest rates, prices of raw materials, and other financial instrument related risks. There have been no material changes in our market risks from those disclosed in Item 7A., “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk,” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Liquidity Risk

Liquidity risk is the risk that we will not be able to meet our financial obligations associated with financial liabilities. We manage liquidity risk through the effective management of our capital structure. Our approach to managing liquidity is to ensure that we will have sufficient liquidity at all times to settle obligations and liabilities when due.

As reflected in the Financial Statements, the Company had an accumulated deficit as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, as well as a net loss for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, which are indicators that raise substantial doubt of our ability to continue as a going concern. Management believes that substantial doubt of our ability to continue as a going concern for at least one year from the issuance of our Financial Statements has been alleviated due to: (i) cash on hand and (ii) continued growth of sales from our consolidated operations. Management plans to continue to access capital markets for additional funding through debt and/or equity financings to supplement future cash needs, as may be required. However, management cannot provide any assurances that we will be successful in accomplishing our business plans. If we are unable to raise additional capital on favorable terms, if at all, whenever necessary, we may be forced to decelerate or curtail certain of our operations until such time as additional capital becomes available.

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ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.

a.Disclosure Controls and Procedures.

As of the end of the period covered by this report, our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer evaluated our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Based upon that evaluation, our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer concluded that as of the end of the period covered by this report, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is (1) recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC and (2) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

b.Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting.

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation described above that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.

A discussion of our litigation matters occurring in the period covered by this report is found in Note 15, “Commitments and Contingencies,” to the Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS.

Other than as set forth below, as of the date of this filing, there have been no material changes in our risk factors from those disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, in response to Item 1A., “Risk Factors,” of Part I of the Annual Report.

We face risks related to U.S. tax provisions related to controlled substances.

Limits on U.S. deductibility of certain expenses may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Section 280E (“Section 280E”) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, prohibits businesses from deducting certain expenses associated with the trafficking of controlled substances (within the meaning of Schedule I and II of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. § 811) (the “CSA”)). The Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) has applied Section 280E broadly in tax audits against various cannabis businesses in the U.S. that are permitted under applicable state laws, seeking substantial sums in tax liabilities, interest, and penalties resulting from the underpayment of taxes due to the lack of deductibility of otherwise ordinary business expenses the deduction of which is prohibited by Section 280E. Although the IRS issued a clarification allowing the deduction of certain expenses that can be categorized as cost of goods sold, the scope of such items is interpreted very narrowly, and the bulk of operating costs and general administrative costs are not permitted to be deducted. While there are currently several pending cases before various administrative and federal courts challenging these restrictions, there is no guarantee that these courts will issue an interpretation of Section 280E that is favorable to cannabis businesses.

The Company has filed amended tax returns with the IRS on behalf of itself and its subsidiaries claiming refunds of tax for 2020 and 2021 and a refund and/or reduction of tax for 2022 which had been incurred as a result of the application of Section 280E based on a legal interpretation that Section 280E does not apply to solely intrastate cannabis-related business activities. The Company intends to continue to take this position for the 2023 filing year. There is no guarantee that the IRS will not challenge our refund request and prevail in such challenge.

If our tax filing positions were to be challenged by federal, state and local or foreign tax jurisdictions, we may not be wholly successful in defending our tax filing positions. We record reserves for unrecognized tax benefits based on our assessment of the probability of successfully sustaining tax filing positions. We, therefore, analyze and consider the appropriateness of recording reserves for unrecognized tax benefits each quarter. Management exercises significant judgment when assessing the probability of successfully sustaining tax filing positions, and in determining whether a contingent tax liability should be recorded and, if so, estimating the amount. If our tax filing positions are successfully challenged, payments could be required that are in excess of reserved amounts or we may be required to reduce the carrying amount of our net deferred tax asset, either of which result could be significant to our financial condition or results of operations.

On May 21, 2024, the United States Department of Justice published a notice of proposed rulemaking with the Federal Register to initiate a formal rulemaking process to consider rescheduling cannabis under the CSA. In June 2024, the IRS issued a press release stating that, until a final rule is published, cannabis remains a Schedule I controlled substance and is subject to the limitations of Section 280E. In this press release, the IRS also announced that taxpayers seeking a refund of taxes paid related to Section 280E by filing amended returns are not entitled to a refund or payment and that it is taking steps to address these claims. From time to time, the Company receives notices from various local, state, and federal tax agencies in the normal course of business. The Company is currently engaged with certain state and federal departments of revenue in respect to certain of the Company’s income tax returns that have been selected for examination.

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ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS.

There have been no sales of unregistered securities during the quarter ended September 30, 2024, and from the period from October 1, 2024 to the filing date of this report, which have not been previously disclosed in a prior Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or Current Report on Form 8-K.

ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES.

Not applicable.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.

Not applicable.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION.

Securities Trading Plans of Directors and Executive Officers

During the three months ended September 30, 2024, none of our executive officers or directors adopted or terminated any contract, instruction, or written plan for the purchase or sale of our securities that was intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) or any “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” as defined in Item 408(c) of Regulation S-K.

Other Information

On November 7, 2024, the board of directors (the “Board”) of the Company, upon recommendation of the compensation and corporate governance committee of the Board, approved the acceleration of all of the unvested and outstanding equity held by Roman Nemchenko, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, as of August 26, 2024, granted pursuant to the Company’s stock incentive plan.

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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS.

(a) EXHIBIT INDEX

Incorporated by Reference

Exhibit No.

Exhibit Description

Form

File No.

Exhibit

Filing Date

3.1

Certificate of Incorporation

S-1

333-254800

3.4

April 23, 2021

3.2

Bylaws

S-1

333-254800

3.5

April 23, 2021

4.1

Specimen Stock Certificate evidencing the shares of common stock

S-1

333-254800

4.1

April 15, 2021

4.2

Form of Registration Rights Agreement

S-1

333-254800

4.2

April 23, 2021

4.3

Form of Warrant Agreement between Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc. and each of the several lenders, dated June 30, 2022

10-Q

333-254800

4.5

August 15, 2022

4.4

Indenture dated July 16, 2024 by and between Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc. and Odyssey Trust Company

8-K

333-254800

4.1

July 22, 2024

4.5#

Guaranty dated July 16, 2024 by and between Chicago Alternative Health Center, LLC, HealthCentral, LLC, MOCA LLC, Revolution Cannabis-Barry, LLC, The Homecoming Group, LLC, Ascend Maryland, LLC, Ascend Mass, LLC, MassGrow, LLC, FPAW Michigan LLC, Ascend New Jersey, LLC, BCCO, LLC, Ohio Cannabis Clinic LLC, and Story of PA CR, LLC (collectively, the “Guarantors”)

8-K

333-254800

4.2

July 22, 2024

4.6#

Pledge and Security Agreement dated July 16, 2024 by and between Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc., and Revolution Cannabis-Barry, LLC, Chicago Alternative Health Center, LLC, MOCA LLC, Healthcentral, LLC, The Homecoming Group, LLC, Ascend Mass, LLC, Massgrow, LLC, FPAW Michigan, LLC, BCCO, LLC, Ohio Cannabis Clinic LLC, Ascend New Jersey, LLC, Story Of PA CR, LLC, Ascend Maryland, LLC, Ascend Mass, Inc., Ascend Illinois Holdings, LLC, Ascend Illinois, LLC, Massgrow, Inc., AWH Pennsylvania, LLC, FPAW Michigan 2, Inc., as the initial grantors (collectively, the “Initial Grantors”), and Odyssey Trust Company

8-K

333-254800

4.3

July 22, 2024

10.1*†#

Employment Agreement between Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc. and Samuel Brill, dated as of August 26, 2024

10.2*†#

Employment Agreement between Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc. and Francis Perullo, dated as of August 26, 2024

10.3*†#

Employment Agreement between Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc. and Roman Nemchenko, dated as of August 26, 2024

31.1*

Certification of Periodic Report by Principal Executive Officer under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

31.2*

Certification of Periodic Report by Principal Financial Officer under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

32‡

Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

101.INS*

Inline XBRL Instance Document (the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

101.SCH*

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL*

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document

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101.DEF*

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB*

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE*

Inline XBRL Presentation Linkbase Document

104*

Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

*    Filed herewith.

†    Indicates management contract or compensatory plan, contract, or arrangement.

‡    Document has been furnished, is not deemed filed and is not to be incorporated by reference into any of the Company’s filings under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in any such filing.

#    Certain schedules and exhibits have been omitted in compliance with Regulation S-K Item 601(a)(5) or certain personal information has been redacted from this exhibit pursuant to Item 601(a)(6) of Regulation S-K. The Company agrees to furnish a copy of any omitted schedule or exhibit to the SEC upon its request.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

						Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.
November 12, 2024						/s/ Samuel Brill
						Samuel Brill Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)

November 12, 2024						/s/ Roman Nemchenko
						Roman Nemchenko Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

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